Reliability and Validity of Turkish Version of the COVID-19 Stressors Scale
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 240 - 248, 25.09.2024
Burcu Arkan
,
Aylin Bostanlı
,
Murat Bektaş
Öz
Objective: The aim of this study was to produce a Turkish version of the COVID-19 Stressors Scale and to assess it for reliability and validity. The scale is designed to evaluate stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic and their levels.
Method: The sample of the methodological-descriptive-cross-sectional study was comprised of adults who were over the age of 18, could read and write, and had no objections against participating in the study. The study included 259 participants. "Sociodemographic Data Form" and "COVID-19 Stressors Scale" created by the researchers based on the literature were used for data collection.
Results: The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the entire scale was 0.908. The results of the content validity analysis showed that the scale provided both content and language validity for the Turkish sample and measured the subject matter as adequately as its original version.
Conclusions: The present study determined that the scale was valid and reliable for use with mental status assessment and mental health services planning.
Kaynakça
- Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1(1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
- Artan, T., Karaman, M., Arslan, İ., & Cebeci, F. (2020). COVID-19 Salgınına Yönelik Algı ve Tutumları Değerlendirme Ölçeği’nin değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal Çalışma Dergisi, 4(2): 101–107.
- Bräscher, A. K., Benke, C., Weismüller, B. M., et al. (2023) Anxiety and depression during the first wave of COVID-19 in Germany - results of repeated cross-sectional surveys. Psychological Medicine 53(3): 1115-1119.
http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721000866.
- Batıgün, A. D., & Ertürk, İ. Ş. (2020). Çok Boyutlu COVID-19 Ölçeği geliştirme, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Nesne, 8(18): 406–421. http://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-08-18-04
- Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395(10227): 912–920.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
- Demir, B., Demir, S., & Doğrul, A. C. (2021). COVID-19 salgını sürecinde Türkiye'de endişe, stres, öfke ve korkudaki değişim: seri-kesitsel takip bulguları. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 24(4): 537-546.
- DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development, theory and applications. 4th ed. India, SAGE Publication Inc, pp.31-59.
- Galea, S., Merchant, R. M. & Lurie, N. (2020). The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing the need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(6): 817–818. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.
- Geniş, B., Gürhan, N., Koç, M., Geniş, Ç., Şirin, B., Çırakoğlu, O. C., & Coşar, B. (2020). Development of perception and attitude scales related with COVID-19 pandemia. Pearson Journal of Social Sciences-Humanities, 5(7): 306–328.
https://doi.org/10.46872/pj.127
- Horesh, D., & Brown, A. D. (2020). Traumatic stress in the age of COVID-19: A call to close critical gaps and adapt to new realities. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 12(4): 331–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000592
- Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288: 112954.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954.
- Karagöz, Y. (2016). SPSS 23 and AMOS 23 applied statistical analysis. Ankara: Nobel Akademi Publishing, pp.878-940.
- Kartal, M., & Bardakçı, S. (2018). Reliability and validity analysis with SPSS and AMOS applied examples. Turkey: Akademisyen Publishing, pp.1-192.
- Lee, S.A. (2020). Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: a brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Studies. 44: 393–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020. 1748481.
- Mohindra, R., Ravaki, R., Suri, V., Bhalla, A., & Singh, S. M. (2020). Issues relevant to mental health promotion in frontline health care providers managing quarantined/isolated COVID19 patients. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51: 102084.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102084
- Odriozola-González, P., Planchuelo-Gómez, Á., Irurtia, M. J., & de Luis-García, R. (2022). Psychological symptoms of the outbreak of the COVID-19 confinement in Spain. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(4): 825–835.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320967086.
- Özdamar, K. (2016). Scale and test development structural equation modeling. Ankara: Nisan Kitabevi Publishing, pp.6-286.
- Özdin, S., & Bayrak Özdin, Ş. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5): 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051
- Park, C. L., Finkelstein-Fox, L., Russell, B. S., Fendrich, M., Hutchison, M., & Becker, J. (2021). Psychological resilience early in the COVID-19 pandemic: Stressors, resources, and coping strategies in a national sample of Americans. The American psychologist, 76(5): 715–728.
https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000813
- Pellecchia, U., Crestani, R., Decroo, T., Van den Bergh, R., & Al-Kourdi, Y. (2015). Social Consequences of Ebola Containment Measures in Liberia. PloS One, 10(12); e0143036.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143036
- Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Marco, A., Rossi, A., Siracusano, A., & Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health Among the General Population in Italy. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11: 790. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790
- Seçer, I. (2018). Psychological test development and adaptation process; Spss and Lisrel applications. 2 nd ed. Ankara: Anı Publishing, pp.10-168.
- Spoorthy, M. S., Pratapa, S. K., & Mahant, S. (2020). Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic-A review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51: 102119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102119
- Tambling, R., Russell, B., Park, C., Feindrich, M., Hutchison, M., Horton, A. L., & Tomkunas, A. J. (2021). Measuring cumulative stressfulness: Psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Stressors Scale. Health Education & Behavior, 48(1):20-28.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198120979912
- Tavşancıl, E. (2010). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, pp.12-80
- Twenge, J. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2020). U.S. Census Bureau-assessed prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in 2019 and during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Depression and Anxiety, 37(10): 954–956. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23077
- Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5): 1–25. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729.
- World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease pandemic. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus- 2019
- Zhang, J., Lu, H., Zeng, H., Zhang, S., Du, Q., Jiang, T., & Du, B. (2020a). The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain Behav Immun. Jul, 87:49-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.031.
- Zhang, J., Shuai, L., Yu, H., Wang, Z., Qiu, M., Lu, L., Cao, X., Xia, W., Wang, Y., & Chen, R. (2020b). Acute stress, behavioural symptoms and mood states among school-age children with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder during the COVID-19 outbreak. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51: 102077.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102077
COVID-19 Stresörler Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 240 - 248, 25.09.2024
Burcu Arkan
,
Aylin Bostanlı
,
Murat Bektaş
Öz
Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, COVID-19 Stresörlerini Belirleme Ölçeği’ni Türkçeye uyarlamak ve geçerlilik güvenilirliğini test etmektir.
Yöntem: Ölçek COVID-19 pandemisiyle ilişkili stresörleri ve stresörlerin düzeylerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Metodolojik-tanımlayıcı-kesitsel tipteki çalışmanın örneklemini 18 yaş üstü olan, okuma ve yazma bilen, çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden yetişkinler oluşturdu. Araştırmaya 259 katılımcı dâhil edildi. Veri toplamada araştırmacılar tarafından literatüre dayalı olarak oluşturulan “Sosyodemografik Veri Toplama Formu” ve “COVID-19 Stresörlerini Belirleme Ölçeği” kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Ölçeğin tamamının cronbach alfa kat sayısı 0.908 olarak belirlendi. Kapsam geçerlilik analizi sonuçları, ölçeğin Türk örneklemi için hem içerik hem de dil geçerliliğini sağladığını ve konuyu Türk örnekleminde de orijinal yapı kadar yeterli olarak ölçtüğünü gösterdi.
Sonuç: Geçerlilik güvenirliği yapılan ölçeğin bireylerin mevcut ruhsal durumunun/sorunlarının hangi alanlarda daha fazla strese neden olduğunu ve stres düzeyini belirlemede alana katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
Etik Beyan
Araştırma için öncelikle COVID-19 pandemisini kapsadığı için T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Bilimsel Araştırma Platformu’na online başvuru yapılarak gerekli izin alınmıştır. COVID-19 Stresörlerini Belirleme Türkçeye uyarlamak için ölçeği geliştiren Park ve arkadaşları (2021)’ndan e-posta yolu ile izin alınmıştır. Ardından Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Araştırma ve Yayın Etik Kurulu’ndan (2022-02/Karar No:9) onay alınmıştır.
Destekleyen Kurum
Bu makalede herhangi bir nakdî/ayni yardım alınmamıştır. Herhangi bir kişi ve/veya kurum ile ilgili çıkar çatışması yoktur
Teşekkür
Verilerinin toplanmasına yardımcı olan herkese çok teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
- Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1(1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
- Artan, T., Karaman, M., Arslan, İ., & Cebeci, F. (2020). COVID-19 Salgınına Yönelik Algı ve Tutumları Değerlendirme Ölçeği’nin değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal Çalışma Dergisi, 4(2): 101–107.
- Bräscher, A. K., Benke, C., Weismüller, B. M., et al. (2023) Anxiety and depression during the first wave of COVID-19 in Germany - results of repeated cross-sectional surveys. Psychological Medicine 53(3): 1115-1119.
http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721000866.
- Batıgün, A. D., & Ertürk, İ. Ş. (2020). Çok Boyutlu COVID-19 Ölçeği geliştirme, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Nesne, 8(18): 406–421. http://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-08-18-04
- Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395(10227): 912–920.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
- Demir, B., Demir, S., & Doğrul, A. C. (2021). COVID-19 salgını sürecinde Türkiye'de endişe, stres, öfke ve korkudaki değişim: seri-kesitsel takip bulguları. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 24(4): 537-546.
- DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development, theory and applications. 4th ed. India, SAGE Publication Inc, pp.31-59.
- Galea, S., Merchant, R. M. & Lurie, N. (2020). The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing the need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(6): 817–818. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.
- Geniş, B., Gürhan, N., Koç, M., Geniş, Ç., Şirin, B., Çırakoğlu, O. C., & Coşar, B. (2020). Development of perception and attitude scales related with COVID-19 pandemia. Pearson Journal of Social Sciences-Humanities, 5(7): 306–328.
https://doi.org/10.46872/pj.127
- Horesh, D., & Brown, A. D. (2020). Traumatic stress in the age of COVID-19: A call to close critical gaps and adapt to new realities. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 12(4): 331–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000592
- Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288: 112954.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954.
- Karagöz, Y. (2016). SPSS 23 and AMOS 23 applied statistical analysis. Ankara: Nobel Akademi Publishing, pp.878-940.
- Kartal, M., & Bardakçı, S. (2018). Reliability and validity analysis with SPSS and AMOS applied examples. Turkey: Akademisyen Publishing, pp.1-192.
- Lee, S.A. (2020). Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: a brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Studies. 44: 393–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020. 1748481.
- Mohindra, R., Ravaki, R., Suri, V., Bhalla, A., & Singh, S. M. (2020). Issues relevant to mental health promotion in frontline health care providers managing quarantined/isolated COVID19 patients. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51: 102084.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102084
- Odriozola-González, P., Planchuelo-Gómez, Á., Irurtia, M. J., & de Luis-García, R. (2022). Psychological symptoms of the outbreak of the COVID-19 confinement in Spain. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(4): 825–835.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320967086.
- Özdamar, K. (2016). Scale and test development structural equation modeling. Ankara: Nisan Kitabevi Publishing, pp.6-286.
- Özdin, S., & Bayrak Özdin, Ş. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5): 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051
- Park, C. L., Finkelstein-Fox, L., Russell, B. S., Fendrich, M., Hutchison, M., & Becker, J. (2021). Psychological resilience early in the COVID-19 pandemic: Stressors, resources, and coping strategies in a national sample of Americans. The American psychologist, 76(5): 715–728.
https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000813
- Pellecchia, U., Crestani, R., Decroo, T., Van den Bergh, R., & Al-Kourdi, Y. (2015). Social Consequences of Ebola Containment Measures in Liberia. PloS One, 10(12); e0143036.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143036
- Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Marco, A., Rossi, A., Siracusano, A., & Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health Among the General Population in Italy. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11: 790. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790
- Seçer, I. (2018). Psychological test development and adaptation process; Spss and Lisrel applications. 2 nd ed. Ankara: Anı Publishing, pp.10-168.
- Spoorthy, M. S., Pratapa, S. K., & Mahant, S. (2020). Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic-A review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51: 102119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102119
- Tambling, R., Russell, B., Park, C., Feindrich, M., Hutchison, M., Horton, A. L., & Tomkunas, A. J. (2021). Measuring cumulative stressfulness: Psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Stressors Scale. Health Education & Behavior, 48(1):20-28.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198120979912
- Tavşancıl, E. (2010). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, pp.12-80
- Twenge, J. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2020). U.S. Census Bureau-assessed prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in 2019 and during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Depression and Anxiety, 37(10): 954–956. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23077
- Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5): 1–25. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729.
- World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease pandemic. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus- 2019
- Zhang, J., Lu, H., Zeng, H., Zhang, S., Du, Q., Jiang, T., & Du, B. (2020a). The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain Behav Immun. Jul, 87:49-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.031.
- Zhang, J., Shuai, L., Yu, H., Wang, Z., Qiu, M., Lu, L., Cao, X., Xia, W., Wang, Y., & Chen, R. (2020b). Acute stress, behavioural symptoms and mood states among school-age children with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder during the COVID-19 outbreak. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51: 102077.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102077