Neuropsychological Test Profile of Compulsive Buying Behavior: A Study on 50-Year-Old and Over Consumers

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 285 - 294, 27.09.2025

Ayşe Bican Şen , Aybeniz Akdeniz Ar

https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.25.3.08

Öz

This study aims to contribute to the literature on the interpretation of executive function and decision-making performance of compulsive buying behavior of consumers aged 50 years and older through neuropsychological tests. The study is a case-control study in which 33 cases and 33 controls aged 50 years and over were included in Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine Neurology Polyclinic. In the study, Standardized Mini Mental State Examination (SMMSE), Minnesota Impulse Disorders Interview (MIDI), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Stroop Test Capa Version (ST) were used to evaluate executive functions, and Iowa Gambling Test (IGT) was used to measure decision-making behavior. In the analyses, descriptive statistics, chi-square test, Shapiro-Wilk test, t-test for normally distributed measurements and Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed measurements were used. In the results, the sub-scores of the WCST “Total number of errors, Number of completed categories, Total number of perseverative responses, Total number of non-perseverative errors, Percentage of perseverative errors, Number of responses used to complete the first category, Number of conceptual level responses”, the completion times of the first three sections of the ST, the number of errors and spontaneous corrections, and the third, fourth and fifth block net scores in the section level scores of the IGT showed significant differences between the groups. The results revealed that the executive function and decision-making performances of the group showing compulsive buying were lower than the control group. The results were discussed in the context of the literature and recommendations were developed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aged 50 and over , Compulsive buying , Neuropsychology , Executive function , Decision making , Case-control study.

Kompulsif Satın Alma Davranışının Nöropsikolojik Test Profili: 50 Yaş ve Üzeri Tüketiciler Üzerinde Bir Araştırma

Öz

Bu çalışma ile 50 yaş ve üzeri tüketicilerin kompulsif satın alma davranışının nöropsikolojik testler aracılığıyla yürütücü işlev ve karar verme performansının yorumlanması noktasında alan yazına katkı sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışma Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Nöroloji Polikliniği’nde 50 yaş ve üzeri 33 vaka ile 33 kontrolün dahil edildiği bir vaka-kontrol çalışmasıdır. Çalışmada Standardize Mini Mental Durum Testi (SMMT), Minnesota Dürtü Kontrol Bozukluğu Görüşme Ölçeği (MIDI) ile, yürütücü işlevlerin değerlendirilmesinde Wisconsin Kart Eşleme Testi (WKET), Stroop Testi Çapa Formu (ST), karar verme davranışının ölçümlenmesinde ise Iowa Kumar Testi (IKT) uygulanmıştır. Analizlerde betimsel istatistikler, ki-kare testi, Shapiro-Wilk testi, normal dağılım gösteren ölçümlerde t testi, normal dağılım göstermeyen ölçümlerde Mann-Whitney U testine yer verilmiştir. Sonuçlarda WKET’in “Toplam yanlış sayısı, Tamamlanan kategori sayısı, Toplam perseveratif tepki sayısı, Toplam perseveratif olmayan hata sayısı, Perseveratif hata yüzdesi, İlk kategoriyi tamamlamada kullanılan tepki sayısı, Kavramsal düzey tepki sayısı” alt puan türleri, ST’nin ilk üç bölümünün tamamlanma süreleri, hata ve spontan düzeltme sayıları, IKT’nin bölüm düzeyindeki puanlarında ise üçüncü, dördüncü ve beşinci blok net puanları gruplara göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılıklar göstermiştir. Sonuçlar kompulsif satın alma gösteren grubun yürütücü işlev ve karar verme performanslarının kontrol grubuna göre daha düşük olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar literatür bağlamında tartışılarak öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

Etik Beyan

VAR

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Teşekkür

BEYANNAMELER BÖLÜMÜNDE MEVCUTTUR.

Kaynakça

• Arıcan, H. & Kafadar, H. (2022). The relationship between executive functions and impulsive buying: A Structural equation model. Neuropsychiatric Investigation, 60(3), 52-63. https://doi.org/10.5152/neuropsychiatricinvest.2022.22006
• Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D. & Damasio, A.R. (1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 275, 1293-1295. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5304.1293
• Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D. & Damasio, A. R. (2005). The Iowa Gambling Task and the somatic marker hypothesis: Some questions and answers. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(4), 159–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.02.002
• Black, D.W. (2007). Compulsive buying disorder: A Review of the evidence. CNS Spectrums, 12(2), 124-132. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900020630
• Black, D.W., Shaw, M.C., McCormick, B., Bayless, J.D. & Allen, J. (2012). Neuropsychological performance, impulsivity, ADHD symptoms, and novelty seeking in compulsive buying disorder. Psychiatry Research, 200, 581-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.003
• Brand, M., Recknor, R.C., Grabenhorst, F. & Bechara, A. (2007). Decisions under ambiguity and decisions under risk: Correlations with executive functions and comparisons of two different gambling tasks with implicit and explicit rules. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29(1), 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390500507196
• Breslow, N.E. (2005). Case-Control Studies. In: Ahrens, W., Pigeot, I. (eds) Handbook of Epidemiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-26577-1_7
• Christenson, G. A., Faber, R. J., De Zwaan, M., Raymond, N. C., Specker, S. M., Ekern, M. D., Crosby, R. D., Crow, S. J. & Eckert, E. D. (1994). Compulsive buying: Descriptive characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55(1), 5–11. PMID: 8294395
• Derbyshire, K.L., Chamberlain, S.R., Odlaug, B.L., Schreiber, L.R. & Grant, J. (2014). Neurocognitive functioning in compulsive buying disorder. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 26(1), 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/104012371402600107
• DeSarbo, W.S. & Edwards, E.A. (1996). Typologies of compulsive buying behavior: A Constrained clusterwise regression approach. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 5(3), 231-262. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp0503_02
• Emek-Savaş, D.D., Yerlikaya, D., Yener, G.G. & Tanör, Ö.Ö. (2020). Stroop Testi Çapa formunun geçerlik-güvenirlik ve norm çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 31(1), 9-21. https://doi.org/10.5080/u23549
• Faber, R. J. (1992). Money changes everything: Compulsive buying from a biopsychosocial perspective. American Behavioral Scientist, 35 (6), 809–819. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764292035006015
• Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E. & McHugh, P.R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”. A Practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
• Grant, J.E., Levine, L., Kim, D. & Potenza, M.N. (2005). Impulse control disorders in adult psychiatric inpatients. Am J Psychiatry. 162(11), 2184-2188. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.2184
• Grant, J. E. & Chamberlain, S. R. (2024). Compulsive buying disorder: Conceptualization based on addictive, impulsive, and obsessive-compulsive features and comorbidity. Psychiatry Research Communications, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psycom.2024.100199
• Güngen, C., Ertan, T., Eker, E., Yaşar, R. & Engin, F. (2002). Standardize mini mental testin Türk toplumunda hafif demans tanısında geçerlik ve güvenilirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13(4), 273-281. PMID: 12794644
• Heffernan, T., Hamilton, C. & Neave, N. (2024). Compulsive shopping behaviour and executive dysfunction in young adults. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 31(3), 248-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2021.2013846
• İçellioğlu, S. (2008). Prefrontal yönetici işlevlere duyarlı Iowa Kumar Testi’nin sağlıklı Türk deneklerde normatif verilerinin toplanması. (Yayın No. 204014) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• İçellioğlu, S. (2015). Iowa Kumar Testi: Normatif veriler ve yürütücü işlevlerle ilişkisi. Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 28(3), 222-230. https://doi.org/10.5350/dajpn2015280305
• Karakaş, S., Irak, M., Kurt, M. & ark. (1999). Wisconsin Kart Eşleme Testi ve Stroop Testi tbag formu: Ölçülen özellikler açısından karşılaştırmalı analiz. Psikiyatri, Psikoloji, Psikofarmokoloji Dergisi, 7(3), 179-192. https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/en/yayin/detay/8573
• Kearney, M. & Stevens, L. (2012). Compulsive buying: Literature review and suggestions for future research. The Marketing Review, 12(3), 233-251. https://doi.org/10.1362/146934712X13420906885359
• Kılıç, B.G. (2005). Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğunun nöropsikolojisine ilişkin kuramlar ve araştırmalar. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(2),113-123. PMID: 15981150
• Kraepelin, E. (1915). Psychiatrie (8th ed.). Leipzig: Verlag Von Johann Ambrosius Barth. ISBN: 9781855069701 Laskowski, N. M., Hildebrandt, G. & Muschalla, B. (2024). Compulsive buying-shopping disorder—A female phenomenon? Sucht: Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis, 70(3), 165–177. https://doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911/a000861
• Lezak, M. D. (1982). The problem of assessing executive functions. International Journal of Psychology, 17(2-3), 281-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207598208247445
• Lie, C.H., Specht, K., Marshall, J.C. & Fink, G.R. (2006). Using fMRI to decompose the neural processes underlying the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Neuroimage, 15; 30(3), 1038-1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.10.031
• Lindheimer, N., Nicolai, J. & Moshagen, M. (2020). General rather than specific: Cognitive deficits in suppressing task irrelevant stimuli are associated with buying-shopping disorder. Plos One, 15(8), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237093
• Logue, S. F. & Gould, T.J. (2014). The neural and genetic basis of executive function: Attention, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 123, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2013.08.007
• Magee, A. (1994). Compulsive buying tendency as a predictor of attitudes and perceptions in NA - Advances in Consumer Research, 21, eds. Chris T. Allen and Deborah Roedder John, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 590-594. ISSN 2155-4056 (print)/ISSN 2155-4072
• Marangoz, M. (2006). Yaşlı tüketiciler ve satın alma davranışlarının incelenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 34, 105-121. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iusiyasal/issue/602/6066
• Martin-Rios, R. & Hu-Hai, D. (2023). Neuroanatomical and neuropsychological correlates of shopping addiction behaviour. A Systematic review. Revista de Neurologia, 77(11), 267-276. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.7711.2023192
• Matar, R. & Abdelfattah, N. (2023). Neurobiological underpinnings of compulsive buying disorder: A Multimodal imaging study. Arch Clin Psychiatry, 50(5), 30-37. doi: 10.15761/0101-60830000000665
• Meyer, T.D., Favaro, A., Cao, T., Butala, A., Oh, E.S., Motley, C.S., Irazoqui, P.P., Dehak, N. & Moro-Velázquez, L. (2023). Deep stroop: Using eye tracking and speech processing to characterize people with neurodegenerative disorders while performing the Stroop Test. medRxiv, https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.30.23290742
• Mikolajczak-Degrauwe, K., Rossi, G., Wauters, B. & Brengman, M. (2012). Can we identify compulsive buyers based on their personality? An application of the personality adjective check list. Journal of Customer Behaviour, 11, 221-240. https://doi.org/10.1362/147539212X13469450373038
• Miltenberger, R.G., Redlin, J., Crosby, R., Stickney, M., Mitchell, J., Wonderlich, S., Faber, R. & Smyth, J. (2003). Direct and retrospective assessment of factors contributing to compulsive buying. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7916(03)00002-8
• Murayama, K., Tomiyama, H., Ohono, A., Kato, K., Matsuo, A., Kang, M. & Nakao, T. (2024). Decision-making using the Iowa Gambling Test in unaffected first-degree relatives of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comparison with healthy controls and patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Neuropsychology, 19(2), 274–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12407
• Müller, A., Brand, M., Claes, L., Demetrovics, Z., Zwaan, M. de, Fernández-Aranda, F., Frost, R.O., Jimenez-Murcia, S., Lejoyeux, M., Steins-Loeber, S., Mitchell, J.E., Moulding, R., Nedeljkovic, M., Trotzke, P., Weinstein, A. & Kyrios, M. (2019). Buying-shopping disorder—Is there enough evidence to support its inclusion in ICD-11?. CNS Spectrums, 24(4), 374–379. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852918001323
• Nikhra, V. (2017). The aging brain: Recent research and concepts. Gerontology & Geriatrics Studies, 1(3), 35-45. doi: 10.31031/GGS.2017.01.000511
• Princiotta, D., Devries, M. & Goldstein, S. (2014). Executive functioning as a mediator of age-related cognitive decline in Adults. Handbook of Executive Functioning, 143-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_9
• Rogers, R.D. (2011). The roles of dopamine and serotonin in decision making: Evidence from pharmacological experiments in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(1), 114-132. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.165
• Sanz, M., Molina, V., Calcedo, A., Martin-Loeches, M. & Rubia, F. (2001). The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the assessment of frontal function in obsessive-compulsive patients: An event-related potential study. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 6, 109-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546800042000089
• Trotzke, P., Starcke, K., Pedersen, A., Müller, A. & Brand, M. (2015). Impaired decision making under ambiguity but not under risk in individuals with pathological buying-behavioral and psychophysiological evidence. Psychiatry Research, 229(1-2), 551-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.043
• Turan, A.H. & Çolakoğlu, B.E. (2009). Yaşlı tüketicilerde algılanan marka değeri ve satın alma niyeti. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 277-296.e-ISSN: 2651-4117https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/akuiibfd/issue/1627/20391
• Voth, E.M., Claes, L., Georgiadou, E., Selle, J., Trotzke, P., Brand, M., De Zwaan, M. & Müller, A. (2014). Reactive and regulative temperament in patients with compulsive buying and non-clinical controls measured by self-report and performance-based tasks. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(7), 1505-1512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.011
• Weinstein, A., Maraz, A., Griffiths, M. D., Lejoyeux, M. & Demetrovics, Z. (2016). Compulsive buying—features and characteristics of addiction. Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse, 993–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800634-4.00098-6