A Theoretical Analysis about Spiritual Leadership

Öz

Since Howthorne studies, greater emphasis has been placed on the human side of organizations than the traditional organizational structures characterized by centralized, standardized, formal and fear based bureaucratic formations. This emphasis on human side leads to new theories and paradigms of organizations and management. Spiritual leadership comprises belief, values, attitudes, and behaviors that are necessary to intrinsically motivate one's self and others so that they have a sense of spiritual well-being through calling and membership and, ultimately, become more organizationally committed and productive. In this study, first, spiritual leadership as a new paradigm was explained in a relational structure related with spiritual leadership theory of Fry and second some findings of researches about spiritual leadership were given and spiritual leadership was discussed and examined in the center of new values brought by the theory.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• spiritual leadership , organizational leadership

Ruhsal Liderlik Üzerine Teorik Bir Çözümleme

Öz

Howthorne araştırmalarından bu yana organizasyonlar geleneksel, merkezci, standardize edilmiş, şekilsel ve korku temelli bürokrasiye dayalı yapılardan uzaklaşmakta ve her geçen gün kendilerini oluşturan insan faktörüne daha da yaklaşmaktadırlar. İnsana yönelim konusunda alınan bu mesafe yeni değer dizilerini de beraberinde getirmektedir. Ruhsal liderlik; çalışana bir varoluş felsefesi aşılamakta, ona görevsel çağrı ve aidiyet duygusu kazandırarak onun kendisi ve diğerlerini motive etmek için gereksediği inanç, değer, tutum ve davranışları bir araya getirmeyi içermektedir. Bu çalışmada, yeni bir paradigma olan ruhsal liderlik konusu, Fry'ın Ruhsal Liderlik Teorisi'yle ilişkilendirilerek açıklanmış, ruhsal liderlik konusunda yapılan bazı araştırma bulguları ile değerler ekseninde bir teorik çözümleme yapılmaya çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ruhsal liderlik , örgütsel liderlik

Kaynakça

1. Ali, A., & Gibbs, M. (1998). Foundation of business ethics in contemporary religious thought: The ten commandment perspective. International Journal of Social Economics, 25(10), 1152-1564.
2. Allen, C. L. (1972). The miracle of love. Old Tappan, NJ: Fleming H. Revell.
3. Ancona, D., Kochan, T., Scully, M., Van Maanen, J., & Westney, E. D. (1999). Managing for the future: Organizational behavior & processes, Cincinnati, OH.: South-Western College Pub.
4. Anderson, P. (2000). This place hurts my spirit . Journal for Quality and Participation, 23(4), 16-17.
5. Ashmos, D. P., & Duchon, D. (2000). Spirituality at work: A conceptualization and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, 9(2), 134-145.
6. Atwater, D. C., & Bass, B.M. (1994). Transformational leadership in Temas. In B. M. Bass, & B. J. Avolio (Eds.), Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership (pp.48-83). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
7. Aydın, M. (1991). Eğitim yönetimi. Ankara: Hatipoğlu Yayınevi.
8. Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industrial, military, and educational ımpact. Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum.

9. Bass, B. M. (2000). The future of leadership in learning organizations. Journal of Leadership Studies, 3, 18-41.
10. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Introduction. In B. M. Bass, & B. J.Avolio (Edit.), Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership (pp.1-10). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Pub.
11. Benefiel, M. (2005). The second half of the journey: Spiritual leadership for organizational transformation. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 723-747.
12. Bennis, W. G. (1989). On becoming a leader. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
13. Cacioppe, R. (2000). Creating spirit at work: Re-visioning organization development and leadership-Part I. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 21(1), 48-54.
14. Cash, K., & Gray, G. (2000). A framework for accommodating religion and spirituality in the workplace. Academy of Management Executive, 14(3), 124- 134.
15. Chemers, M. M. (1997). An integrative theory of leadership. Mahwah, NJ.: Erlbaum.
16. Cohen, G. (1996). Toward a spirituality based on justice and ecology. Social Policy, 26(3), 6-18.
17. Çelik, V. (1999). Eğitimsel liderlik. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
18. Daft, R. L. (2001). The leadership experience. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publishers.
19. Dalai Lama (1999). Ethics for the new millenium. New York: Putnam.
20. Dehler G., & Welsh, M. (1994). Spirituality and organizational transformation: Implications for the new management paradigm. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19(6), 17-26.
21. Dent, E. B., Higgins, M. E., & Wharff, D. M. (2005). Spirituality and leadership: An empirical review of definitions, distinctions and embedded assumptions. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 625-653.
22. Duchon, D., & Plowman, D. A. (2005). Nurturing the spirit at work: impact on work unit performans. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 807-833.
23. Elmes, M., & Smith, C. (2001). Moved by the spirit: Contextualizing workplace empowerment in American spiritual ideals. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 37(1), 33-50.
24. Eren, E. (2004). Örgütsel davranış ve yönetim psikolojisi. İstanbul: Beta Yayınevi.
25. Fairholm, G. W. (1997). Capturing the hearth of leadership: Spirituality and community in the new American workplace. Wesport, CT: Praeger.
26. Ferch, S. (2005). Servant-leadership, a way of life. In L. C. Spears (Edit.) The international journal of servant-leadership (pp.3-8). Spokane, WA: Gonzaga University & Robert K. Greenleaf Center.
27. Fiedler, F. E. (1973). The contingency model and the dynamics of the leadership process. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 11, 60-112.
28. Fleischman, P. R. (1990). The healing spirit: Explorations in religion and psychotherapy. Cleveland, SC: Bonne Change Press.
29. Fornaciari, C., & Dean, K. (2001). Making the quantum leap: Lessons from physics on studying spirituality and religion in organizations. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 14(4), 335-351.
30. Fry, L. W. & Matherly, L. L. (2006). Spiritual leadership and organizational performance: an exploratory study. Paper presented at the Academy of Management, Atlanta, Georgia. http://www.tarleton.edu/~fry/sltorgperf.pdf adresinden 03 Haziran 2008 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
31. Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly. 14, 693-727.
32. Fry, L. W. (2005). Toward a paradigm of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 619-722.
33. Fry, L. W., & Cohen, M. P. (2008). Spiritual leadership as a paradigm for organizational transformation and recovery from extended work hours cultures. http://www.tarleton.edu/~fry/SLTCityGovFinal.pdf adresinden 10 Eylül 2008 tarihinde edinilmiştir of Business Ethics. 27.
34. Fry, L. W., Nisiewicz, M., & Vitucci, S. (2007). Transforming police organizations through spiritual leadership: Measurement and establishing a baseline.Paper presented at the National Meeting of the Academy of Management, Philadelphia, http://www.tarleton.edu/~fry/SLTKPD%20Final.pdf adresinden 03 Harizan 2008 tarihinde edinilmiştir. Pennsylvania.
35. Fry, L. W., Nisiewicz, M., Vitucci, S., & Cedillo, M. (2007). Transforming city government through spiritual leadership: measurement and establishing a baseline. Paper presented at the National Meeting of the Academy of Management, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. http://www.tarleton.edu/~fry/SLTCity Gov Final.pdf adresinden 17 Mayıs 2008 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
36. Fry, L. W., Vitucci, S., & Cedillo, M. (2005). Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory, measurement and establishing a baseline. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 835-862.
37. Fullan, M. (2001). Leading in a culture of change: being effective in complex timed. San Farancisco: Jossey-Bass.
38. Giacalone, R. A., & Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2003). Toward a science of workplace spirituality. In R. A. Giacalone, & C. L. Jurkiewicz (Edit.) Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp. 3-28). New York: M. E. Sharp.
39. Gibbons, P. (2000). Spirituality at work: Definitions, measures, assumptions, and validity claims. In J. Biberman, & M. Whitty (Edit.) Work and spirit: A reader of new spiritual paradigms for organizations (pp. 111-131). Suanton, PA: University of Suanton Press.
40. Goertzen, B.J., & Barbuto, J.E. (2001). Individual spirituality: A review of the literature. Submitted to Human Relations. Paper presented at annual Institute for Behavioral and Applied Management. Charleston, SC.
41. Gronn, P. (2006). The significance of distributed leadership. Educational Leadership Research, 7, 160-172.
42. Hicks, D. (2002). Spiritual and religious diversity in the workplace: Implications for leadership. The Leadership Quarterly. 13(4), 379-396.
43. Homans, G. C. (1950). The human group. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
44. Kaya, Y. K. (1993). Eğitim yönetimi. Ankara: Set Ofset.
45. Keys, K. (1990). The power of unconditional love. Coos Bay, OR: Love Line Books.
46. Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
47. Kurth, K. (2003). Spiritually renewing ourselves at work. In R. A. Giacalone, & C. L. Jurkiewicz (Edit.) Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp. 447-460). New York: M. E. Sharp.
48. Levy, R. B. (2000). My experience as participant in the course of spirituality for executive leadership. Journal of Management Inquiry, 9(2), 129-131.
49. MacDonald, D. A., Kuentzel, J. G., & Friedman, H. L. (1999). A survey of measures of spiritual and transpersonal constructs: Part two-Additional instruments. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 31(2), 155-177.
50. Maddock, R. D., & Fulton, R. L. (1999). Motivation, emotions, and leadership: The silent side of management. Westport: Quorum Books.
51. Malone, P., & Fry , L. W. (2003). Transforming schools through spiritual leadership: a field experiment. Meeting of the National Academy of Management, Seattle Washington. adresinden 17 Mayıs 2008 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
52. http://www.tarleton.edu/~fry/SLTAOMPeggy0106.pdf
53. Marx G. (2006). Future-focused leadership: Preparing schools, students, and communities for tomorrow’ realities. Alexandria, VA: Libra Publishers
54. Mayo, E. (1945). The social problems of an industrial civilization. Boston: Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration Press.
55. McGill, M. E., & Slocum, J. W. (1992). Management practices in learning organizations. Organizational Dynamics, 21, 5-18.
56. Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rumi (2008). Divan-ı Kebir. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları.
57. Mitchell, M., Hastings, B., & Tanyel, F. (2001). Generational comparison: Xers in the United States and Korea. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 11(3/4), 35-53.
58. Mitroff, I., & Denton, E. (1999). A study of spirituality in the workplace. Sloan Management Review, 40(4), 83-92.
59. Moxley, R. S. (2000). Leadership and spirit. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
60. Myers M. S. (1964). Who are your motivated workers?. Harvard Business Review, 22, 73-88.
61. Neck, C. P., & Milliman, J. F. (1994). Thought self-leadership finding spiritual leadership in organizational life. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 9(6), 9-16.
62. Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social research methods: Qualitative and Quantitative approaches. Toronto: Allyn & Bacon.
63. Pfeffer, J. (2003). Business and the spirit. In R. A. Giacalone, & C. L. Jurkiewicz (Edit.) Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp. 29-45). New York: M. E. Sharp.
64. Pratt, M. (2000). Building an ideological fortress: The role of spirituality, encapsulation and sensemaking. Studies in Cultures, Organizations and Societies, 6(1), 35-53.
65. Reave, L. (2005). Spiritual values and practises related to leadership effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly. 16, 655-687.
66. Reddin, W. J. (1970). Effective management by objectives the 3D method of MBO. USA: McGraw-Hill.
67. Rubenstain, H. (2003). Ethical leadership. http://www.conservativemonitor.com/ opinion03/28.shtml adresinden 01 Temmuz 2008 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
68. Schein, E. H. (1990). Organizational culture. American Psychologist, 45(2), 109-119.
69. Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410-421.
70. Senge, P. (1990). The fifth discipline. New York: Doubleday.
71. Sergiovanni, J. T., & Starratt, J.R. (1988). Supervision: Human perspectives. New York: McGraw-Hill.
72. Smith, H. (1992). The world’s religions. New York: Peter Smith.
73. Stogdill, R. M. (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of the literature. New York: Free Press.
74. Stogdill, R. M. (1981). Traits of leadership: A follow-up to 1970. In B. Bass (Edit.) Handbook of leadership (pp.59-78). New York: Free Press.
75. Şahin, F. (2001) Ihvan-ı Safa (X.yy)’ya göre insanın biyoljik ve psikolojik yapısı. Selçuk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 10, 101-124.
76. Tart, C. T. (1975). Introduction. In C. T. Tart (Edit.) Transpersonal psychologies (pp.3-7). New York: Harper & Row.
77. Uludağ, S. (1996). Tasavvuf terimleri sözlüğü. İstanbul: Marifet Yayınları.
78. Vroom V. H., & Yetton, P. W. (1973). Leadership and decision making. Pittsburg: Universtiy of Pittsburgh Press.
79. Waddock, S. (1999). Linking community and spirit: A commentary and some propositions. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12(4), 332-345.
80. Wilber, K. (1997). Eye of the spirit: An integral vision for a world gone slightly mad. Boston: Shambhala.
81. Wilber, K. (2000). A theory of everything: An integral vision for business, politics, science, and spirituality. Boston: Shambhala,
82. Wulff, D. M. (1996). Psychology of religion: Classic and contemporary. New York: Wiley.
83. Yukl, G. A. (2002). Leadership in organization. Saddle River, NJ.: Prentice Hall.
84. Yunus Emre (2008). Yunus Emre’den seçmeler. İstanbul: Antik Yayınları.
85. Zellers, K. L., & Perrewe, P. L. (2005). The role of sprituality in occupational stres and well-being. In R. A. Giacalone, & C. L. Jurkiewicz (Edit.) Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp.300-313). New York: M. E. Sharp.
86. Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., & Scott, A. B. (1999). The emerging meanings of religiousness and spirituality: Problems and prospects. Journal of Personality, 67, 889-919.