The Role of Modern Technologies in Documentation of Cultural Hertitage

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 115 - 132

Murat Yakar , Hacı Murat Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.59127/kulmira.1805373

Öz

The preservation and documentation of cultural heritage play a vital role in transferring historical, artistic, and archaeological values to future generations. Traditional measurement and recording techniques—such as manual surveying, drawing, and photography—are often time-consuming and limited in both accuracy and detail, especially when applied to complex architectural structures. In recent years, modern remote sensing technologies have overcome these limitations by enabling the accurate and efficient digital documentation of cultural heritage sites. In particular, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), photogrammetry, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imaging, three-dimensional (3D) modeling, and Augmented/Mixed Reality (AR/VR) applications have become widely utilized for the multidimensional analysis and visualization of heritage assets.
These technologies provide high-resolution spatial data with both geometric and photometric accuracy, allowing for the precise detection of structural deformations, material deteriorations, and environmental impacts on historical monuments. Moreover, point clouds and 3D models generated through these methods are effectively used in restoration planning, structural health monitoring, virtual exhibitions, and digital archiving.
This study presents a comparative evaluation of modern digital documentation technologies for cultural heritage preservation. It discusses their data acquisition processes, modeling techniques, visualization capabilities, and integration potential. The findings highlight that LiDAR and photogrammetry-based methods have become indispensable tools for the sustainable management, scientific documentation, and public dissemination of cultural heritage. Furthermore, the integration of these technologies provides a foundation for developing digital twins and intelligent preservation strategies in future heritage management frameworks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cultural heritage , photogrammetry , 3D modelling , virtual reality , augmented reality

Kültürel Mirasın Belgelenmesinde Modern Teknolojilerin Rolü

Öz

Kültürel mirasın korunması ve belgelenmesi, tarihî, sanatsal ve arkeolojik değerlerin gelecek nesillere aktarılmasında temel bir rol oynamaktadır. Geleneksel ölçüm, çizim ve fotoğraf temelli yöntemler, yüksek doğruluk gerektiren karmaşık yapılarda yetersiz kalmakta ve zaman açısından verimsiz olmaktadır. Bu nedenle, modern uzaktan algılama teknolojileri, kültürel mirasın dijital ortamda belgelenmesi için daha etkili ve hassas çözümler sunmaktadır. Son yıllarda özellikle yersel lazer tarama (Terrestrial Laser Scanning;TLS), hava tabanlı lazer tarama (Anmanned Laser Scanning;ALS), fotogrametri, İnsansız Hava Aracı (İHA; Unmanned Aerial Vehicle; UAV) görüntüleme sistemleri, 3B modelleme ve artırılmış/karma gerçeklik (Augmented/MixedReality; AR/VR) uygulamaları, kültürel miras alanlarının çok boyutlu analizi ve görselleştirilmesi için yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır.
Bu teknolojiler, hem geometrik hem de fotogrametrik doğruluk açısından yüksek çözünürlüklü mekânsal veri sağlamaktadır. Böylece, tarihî yapıların strüktürel deformasyonlarının, malzeme bozulmalarının ve çevresel etkiler sonucu oluşan değişimlerin detaylı olarak analiz edilmesine olanak tanımaktadır. Ayrıca, bu yöntemlerle elde edilen nokta bulutu ve 3B model verileri, restorasyon planlaması, yapısal sağlık izleme, sanal tur ve dijital arşivleme gibi uygulamalarda etkin biçimde değerlendirilmektedir.
Bu çalışma, kültürel mirasın dijital korunmasına yönelik mevcut teknolojileri karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemekte; veri toplama süreçleri, modelleme teknikleri ve görselleştirme yöntemlerinin avantajlarını tartışmaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, lazer tarama ve fotogrametri tabanlı teknolojilerin, kültürel mirasın sürdürülebilir yönetimi, bilimsel belgelenmesi ve toplumla paylaşımı açısından vazgeçilmez araçlar hâline geldiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, bu teknolojilerin bütünleşik kullanımı, gelecekte kültürel mirasın dijital ikizlerinin (digital twins) oluşturulmasına ve akıllı koruma stratejilerinin geliştirilmesine zemin hazırlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kültürel miras , fotogrametri , 3B modelleme , sanal gerçeklik , arttırılmış gerçeklik

Kaynakça

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