Araştırma Makalesi
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Görsellik ve Hakikat: Türkiye’deki Suriyelilere Dair Sosyal Medya Görsel Paylaşımlarında Hakikat Üretim Pratikleri

Yıl 2021, , 36 - 65, 08.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.18691/kulturveiletisim.770227

Öz

Sosyal medyada paylaşılan görseller, bugün katılımcı pratiklerin hakikat üretimindeki etkisinin artmasıyla kamuoyu oluşturmakta önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bilgi kaynaklarının geleneksel kitlesel medya kurumlarının tekelinden çıkarak sade vatandaşın çevrimiçi haber oluşturma ve bilgi yayma imkânı elde etmesi, görselin dikkat çekme ve gündem oluşturma amacıyla kullanımını daha da belirginleştirmiştir. Bu makale, Türkiye’deki Suriyeli algısını çevrimiçi kamusal alanda görsel kullanım pratikleri üzerinden incelemektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı; sosyal medyadaki görüntü tabanlı haberler, görsel-işitsel mesajlar, söylem destekleyici veya oluşturucu argümanlar olan klipler, çok fazla paylaşılan ve hızlı yayılan imaj veya videolarda Suriyelilerin nasıl temsil edildiğini analiz etmektir. Bunun için, Suriyeliler hakkında paylaşılan görseller incelenmiştir. Türkiye’deki Suriyeli imgesinin Twitter sosyal medya platformunda paylaşımını incelemek için #ülkemdesuriyeliistemiyorum ve #suriyelilerkardeşimizdir hashtag’leri (#) altındaki görseller nitel yaklaşımla kategorize edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda ortaya çıkarılan veri setleri çok düzlemli söylem çözümlemesi yapılarak analiz edilmiştir. Makale, hakikat üretiminde çevrimiçi katılımcıların yatay bilgi yayma pratiklerini sorgulayarak günümüzdeki bilgi kirliği sorunsalı tartışmasına görsel iletişim yönünden katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Sosyal medya platformlarında meydana gelen Türkiye’deki Suriyelilere ilişkin tartışmalarda, görüntüleri paylaşan kullanıcıların objektiflik ve tarafsızlık kaygısı taşıdıkları anlaşılmaktadır. Bu analiz, Suriyelilerin Türkiye’deki koruma statüsünün meşruiyetinin çeşitli parametrelere bağlı olduğunun ve Suriyelilere ilişkin söylemin sosyal medyada görsel kanıtlara başvurularak üretildiğini göstermiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abid, Raith Zeher, vd. (2017). "‘A flood of Syrians has slowed to a trickle’: The use of metaphors in the representation of Syrian refugees in the online media news reports of host and non-host countries." Discourse & Communication, 11(2), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481317691857
  • Ahmed, Sara (2000). Strange Encounters: Embodied Others in Post-Coloniality. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Aiello, Giorgia ve Crispin Thurlow (2006). "Symbolic Capitals: Visual Discourse and Intercultural Exchange in the European Capital of Culture Scheme." Language and Intercultural Communication, 6(2): 148–162. https://doi.org/10.2167/laic234.0
  • Arendt, Hannah (2006). On Revolution. Londra: Penguin Classics.
  • Atasü‐Topçuoğlu, Reyhan (2019). "Media Discussion on the Naturalization Policy for Syrians in Turkey." International Migration, 57(2): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12463
  • Baudrillard, Jean (1994). Simulacra and Simulation. Çev., Sheila Faria Glaser. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği. What is a refugee? UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/what-is-a-refugee.html. Erişim tarihi: 11 Temmuz 2020.
  • Boltanski, Luc (1999). Distant Suffering: Morality, Media and Politics. İngiltere: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bozdağ, Çiğdem ve Kevin Smetz (2017). "Understanding the Images of Alan Kurdi With 'Small Data': A Qualitative, Comparative Analysis of Tweets About Refugees in Turkey and Flanders." International Journal of Communication, 24: 4046–4069.
  • Bruns, Axel ve Folker Hanusch (2017). "Conflict imagery in a connective environment: Audiovisual content on Twitter following the 2015/2016 terror attacks in Paris and Brussels." Media, Culture & Society, 39(8): 1122–1141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717725574
  • Çelik, Hilal ve Halil Ekşi (2008). "Söylem Analizi." Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 27: 99-117.
  • de Guevara, Berit B. ve Roland Kostić (2017). "Knowledge production in/about conflict and intervention: Finding ‘facts’, telling ‘truth’." Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 11(1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2017.1287635
  • Deutsche Welle (2019) "Sosyal medyada 'Suriyelileri istemiyoruz' tartışması." 1 Ocak 2019. DW.COM. https://www.dw.com/tr/sosyal-medyada-suriyelileri-istemiyoruz-tart%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1/a-46917127. Erişim tarihi: 15.12.2020
  • Eco, Umberto (1995). Faith in Fakes: Travels in Hyperreality. Vintage UK.
  • Efe, İbrahim, vd. (2017) Türk Basınında Suriyeli Sığınmacı Temsillerinin Eleştirel Söylem Analizi (No. 115K268; Program Kodu 1001). Tübitak. İnternet sitesi: https://trdizin.gov.tr/publication/project/detail/TVRjME9EVTE=. Erişim tarihi: 05.08.2019
  • Erdoğan, Murat (2017). Suriyeliler Barometresi. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Fahy, Declan (2018). "Objectivity as Trained Judgment: How Environmental Reporters Pioneered Journalism for a “Post-truth” Era." Environmental Communication, 12(7): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2018.1495093
  • Foucault, Michel (2001). Power. Çev., J. D. Faubion. New York: The New Press.
  • Hand, Martin (2012). Ubiquitous Photography. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Harsin, Jayson (2015). "Regimes of Posttruth, Postpolitics, and Attention Economies." Communication, Culture & Critique, 8(2): 327–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12097
  • Highfield, Tim ve Tama Leaver (2016). "Instagrammatics and digital methods: Studying visual social media, from selfies and GIFs to memes and emoji." Communication Research and Practice, 2(1): 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2016.1155332
  • Hyland, Ken ve Brian Paltridge (2013). The Bloomsbury Companion to Discourse Analysis. Londra: Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Jenkins, Henry (2006). Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York ve Londra: NYU Press.
  • Johnson, Heather L. (2011). "Click to Donate: Visual images, constructing victims and imagining the female refugee." Third World Quarterly, 32(6): 1015–1037. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.586235
  • Jowett, Garth S. ve Victoria J. O′Donnell (2011). Propaganda & Persuasion. New York: Sage Publications.
  • Kenney, Keith (2010). Visual Communication Research Designs. İngiltere: Routledge.
  • Kozinets, Robert V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Londra: Sage Publications.
  • Kress, Gunther R. ve Theo van Leeuwen (2001). Multimodal Discourse: The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication. Londra: Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Lackovic, Nataša (2020). "Thinking with digital images in the post-truth era:a method in critical media literacy." Postdigital Science and Education, 2: 442–462.
  • Lewandowsky, Stephan, vd. (2017). "Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the 'Post-Truth' Era." Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4): 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008
  • McNaughton, Melanie Joy (2013). "Reimagining What Images Can Achieve." Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 28(2): 140–142.
  • Mitchell, William J. T. (1984). "What is an image?" New Literary History, 15(3): 503-537.
  • Mortensen, Mette (2015). "Conflictual Media Events, Eyewitness Images, and the Boston Marathon Bombing." Journalism Practice, 9(4): 536–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1030140
  • Özdemir, Fatih ve Bengi Öner-Özkan (2016). "Türkiye’de Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Suriyeli Mültecilere İlişkin Sosyal Temsilleri." Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 4(8): 227–244. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-04-08-04
  • Papacharissi, Zizi. (2014). Affective Publics: Sentiment, Technology, and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Papacharissi, Zizi (2010). A Private Sphere: Democracy in a Digital Age. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Papakostas, Apostolis (2016). Civilizing the Public Sphere: Distrust, Trust and Corruption. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Peters, Michael A. (2017). "Education in a post-truth world". Educational Philosophy and Theory, 49(6): 563–566. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2016.1264114
  • Rajaram, Prem Kumar (2002). "Humanitarianism and Representations of the Refugee." Journal of Refugee Studies, 15(3): 247–264.
  • Rancière, Jacques (1991). The Ignorant Schoolmaster: Five Lessons in Intellectual Emancipation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Renshaw, Scott W. (2002). "Postmodern Swing Dance and the Presentation of Unique Self." Postmodern Existential Sociology. J. A. Kotarba ve J. M. Johnson (der.) içinde. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira. 83-94.
  • Said, Edward (2003). Orientalism. Londra: Penguin Books, Limited.
  • Scott, Sasha (2019). "Mediatized Witnessing and the Ethical Imperative of Capture." Media Controversy: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice. M. Khosrow-Pour (ed.) içinde. Pennsylvania: IGI Global. 373-386.
  • Seo, Hyunjin ve Husain Ebrahim (2016). "Visual propaganda on Facebook: A comparative analysis of Syrian conflicts." Media, War & Conflict, 9(3): 227–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635216661648
  • Taş, Oğuzhan ve Tuğba Taş (2018). "Post-Hakikat Çağında Sosyal Medyada Yalan Haber ve Suriyeli Mülteciler Sorunu." Galatasaray Üniversitesi İleti-ş-im Dergisi: 183-208. https://doi.org/10.16878/gsuilet.500943
  • Şuşar, Sara Vildan (2019). "Fotoğrafın Denizde Nargile İçen Bir Suriyeliyi Gösterdiği İddiası." https://teyit.org/fotografin-denizde-nargile-icen-bir-suriyeliyi-gosterdigi- iddiasi. Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2020
  • UN Refugee Agency. (2020). Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response. Operational Data Portal by UNHCR. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/113. Erişim tarihi: 26.12.2020
  • Walther, Joseph B. (2002). "Research Ethics in Internet-Enabled Research: Human Subjects Issues and Methodological Myopia." Ethics and Information Technology, 4: 205-216.
  • Young, Alison (2010). "The scene of the crime: Is there such a thing as ‘just looking’?" Framing Crime: Cultural Criminology and the Image. K. Hayward (der.) içinde. Abingdon: Routledge. 83-97.

Visuality and the Truth: Practices of Knowledge Production through the Visuals of Syrians in Turkey on the Social Media

Yıl 2021, , 36 - 65, 08.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.18691/kulturveiletisim.770227

Öz

The images become the vehicle for online mass participation of ordinary users to influence media and set the agenda on specific topics among the public. The monopoly of traditional mass media institutions of information sources has been shattered through the horizontal social media practices of knowledge production and dissemination. In this age of truth skepticism, the article examines visual communication methods that activate knowledge production by taking a case study of the host communities’ social media interaction on the Syrian immigrant population living under temporary protection in Turkey. The goal of this article is to identify the role of the information mediators such as clips, memes, GIFs, and videos as image-based news, audiovisual message, to construct arguments in social media. To study contrasting approaches to Syrian refugees in Turkey I further collect images shared under two antagonistic online groupings under the hashtags #ülkemdesuriyeliistemiyorum (I don’t want Syrians in my country) and #suriyelilerkardeşimizdir (Syrians are our siblings). I conducted the multimodal discourse analysis on this visual inventory. By this, this research-based article contributes to the studies on online participatory practices of knowledge production through visual communication. As such users who share images of Syrians in Turkey have concerns about the objectivity and impartiality of their claims. This analysis demonstrates that the legitimacy of Syrians’ status in Turkey depends on various parameters that users in social media refer to through the display of visual evidence.

Kaynakça

  • Abid, Raith Zeher, vd. (2017). "‘A flood of Syrians has slowed to a trickle’: The use of metaphors in the representation of Syrian refugees in the online media news reports of host and non-host countries." Discourse & Communication, 11(2), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481317691857
  • Ahmed, Sara (2000). Strange Encounters: Embodied Others in Post-Coloniality. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Aiello, Giorgia ve Crispin Thurlow (2006). "Symbolic Capitals: Visual Discourse and Intercultural Exchange in the European Capital of Culture Scheme." Language and Intercultural Communication, 6(2): 148–162. https://doi.org/10.2167/laic234.0
  • Arendt, Hannah (2006). On Revolution. Londra: Penguin Classics.
  • Atasü‐Topçuoğlu, Reyhan (2019). "Media Discussion on the Naturalization Policy for Syrians in Turkey." International Migration, 57(2): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12463
  • Baudrillard, Jean (1994). Simulacra and Simulation. Çev., Sheila Faria Glaser. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği. What is a refugee? UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/what-is-a-refugee.html. Erişim tarihi: 11 Temmuz 2020.
  • Boltanski, Luc (1999). Distant Suffering: Morality, Media and Politics. İngiltere: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bozdağ, Çiğdem ve Kevin Smetz (2017). "Understanding the Images of Alan Kurdi With 'Small Data': A Qualitative, Comparative Analysis of Tweets About Refugees in Turkey and Flanders." International Journal of Communication, 24: 4046–4069.
  • Bruns, Axel ve Folker Hanusch (2017). "Conflict imagery in a connective environment: Audiovisual content on Twitter following the 2015/2016 terror attacks in Paris and Brussels." Media, Culture & Society, 39(8): 1122–1141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717725574
  • Çelik, Hilal ve Halil Ekşi (2008). "Söylem Analizi." Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 27: 99-117.
  • de Guevara, Berit B. ve Roland Kostić (2017). "Knowledge production in/about conflict and intervention: Finding ‘facts’, telling ‘truth’." Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 11(1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2017.1287635
  • Deutsche Welle (2019) "Sosyal medyada 'Suriyelileri istemiyoruz' tartışması." 1 Ocak 2019. DW.COM. https://www.dw.com/tr/sosyal-medyada-suriyelileri-istemiyoruz-tart%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1/a-46917127. Erişim tarihi: 15.12.2020
  • Eco, Umberto (1995). Faith in Fakes: Travels in Hyperreality. Vintage UK.
  • Efe, İbrahim, vd. (2017) Türk Basınında Suriyeli Sığınmacı Temsillerinin Eleştirel Söylem Analizi (No. 115K268; Program Kodu 1001). Tübitak. İnternet sitesi: https://trdizin.gov.tr/publication/project/detail/TVRjME9EVTE=. Erişim tarihi: 05.08.2019
  • Erdoğan, Murat (2017). Suriyeliler Barometresi. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Fahy, Declan (2018). "Objectivity as Trained Judgment: How Environmental Reporters Pioneered Journalism for a “Post-truth” Era." Environmental Communication, 12(7): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2018.1495093
  • Foucault, Michel (2001). Power. Çev., J. D. Faubion. New York: The New Press.
  • Hand, Martin (2012). Ubiquitous Photography. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Harsin, Jayson (2015). "Regimes of Posttruth, Postpolitics, and Attention Economies." Communication, Culture & Critique, 8(2): 327–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12097
  • Highfield, Tim ve Tama Leaver (2016). "Instagrammatics and digital methods: Studying visual social media, from selfies and GIFs to memes and emoji." Communication Research and Practice, 2(1): 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2016.1155332
  • Hyland, Ken ve Brian Paltridge (2013). The Bloomsbury Companion to Discourse Analysis. Londra: Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Jenkins, Henry (2006). Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York ve Londra: NYU Press.
  • Johnson, Heather L. (2011). "Click to Donate: Visual images, constructing victims and imagining the female refugee." Third World Quarterly, 32(6): 1015–1037. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.586235
  • Jowett, Garth S. ve Victoria J. O′Donnell (2011). Propaganda & Persuasion. New York: Sage Publications.
  • Kenney, Keith (2010). Visual Communication Research Designs. İngiltere: Routledge.
  • Kozinets, Robert V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Londra: Sage Publications.
  • Kress, Gunther R. ve Theo van Leeuwen (2001). Multimodal Discourse: The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication. Londra: Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Lackovic, Nataša (2020). "Thinking with digital images in the post-truth era:a method in critical media literacy." Postdigital Science and Education, 2: 442–462.
  • Lewandowsky, Stephan, vd. (2017). "Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the 'Post-Truth' Era." Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4): 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008
  • McNaughton, Melanie Joy (2013). "Reimagining What Images Can Achieve." Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 28(2): 140–142.
  • Mitchell, William J. T. (1984). "What is an image?" New Literary History, 15(3): 503-537.
  • Mortensen, Mette (2015). "Conflictual Media Events, Eyewitness Images, and the Boston Marathon Bombing." Journalism Practice, 9(4): 536–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1030140
  • Özdemir, Fatih ve Bengi Öner-Özkan (2016). "Türkiye’de Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Suriyeli Mültecilere İlişkin Sosyal Temsilleri." Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 4(8): 227–244. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-04-08-04
  • Papacharissi, Zizi. (2014). Affective Publics: Sentiment, Technology, and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Papacharissi, Zizi (2010). A Private Sphere: Democracy in a Digital Age. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Papakostas, Apostolis (2016). Civilizing the Public Sphere: Distrust, Trust and Corruption. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Peters, Michael A. (2017). "Education in a post-truth world". Educational Philosophy and Theory, 49(6): 563–566. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2016.1264114
  • Rajaram, Prem Kumar (2002). "Humanitarianism and Representations of the Refugee." Journal of Refugee Studies, 15(3): 247–264.
  • Rancière, Jacques (1991). The Ignorant Schoolmaster: Five Lessons in Intellectual Emancipation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Renshaw, Scott W. (2002). "Postmodern Swing Dance and the Presentation of Unique Self." Postmodern Existential Sociology. J. A. Kotarba ve J. M. Johnson (der.) içinde. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira. 83-94.
  • Said, Edward (2003). Orientalism. Londra: Penguin Books, Limited.
  • Scott, Sasha (2019). "Mediatized Witnessing and the Ethical Imperative of Capture." Media Controversy: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice. M. Khosrow-Pour (ed.) içinde. Pennsylvania: IGI Global. 373-386.
  • Seo, Hyunjin ve Husain Ebrahim (2016). "Visual propaganda on Facebook: A comparative analysis of Syrian conflicts." Media, War & Conflict, 9(3): 227–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635216661648
  • Taş, Oğuzhan ve Tuğba Taş (2018). "Post-Hakikat Çağında Sosyal Medyada Yalan Haber ve Suriyeli Mülteciler Sorunu." Galatasaray Üniversitesi İleti-ş-im Dergisi: 183-208. https://doi.org/10.16878/gsuilet.500943
  • Şuşar, Sara Vildan (2019). "Fotoğrafın Denizde Nargile İçen Bir Suriyeliyi Gösterdiği İddiası." https://teyit.org/fotografin-denizde-nargile-icen-bir-suriyeliyi-gosterdigi- iddiasi. Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2020
  • UN Refugee Agency. (2020). Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response. Operational Data Portal by UNHCR. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/113. Erişim tarihi: 26.12.2020
  • Walther, Joseph B. (2002). "Research Ethics in Internet-Enabled Research: Human Subjects Issues and Methodological Myopia." Ethics and Information Technology, 4: 205-216.
  • Young, Alison (2010). "The scene of the crime: Is there such a thing as ‘just looking’?" Framing Crime: Cultural Criminology and the Image. K. Hayward (der.) içinde. Abingdon: Routledge. 83-97.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Balca Arda

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Arda, B. (2021). Görsellik ve Hakikat: Türkiye’deki Suriyelilere Dair Sosyal Medya Görsel Paylaşımlarında Hakikat Üretim Pratikleri. Kültür Ve İletişim, 24 (1)(47), 36-65. https://doi.org/10.18691/kulturveiletisim.770227