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The Tain of the Mirror: Psychoanalytical Film Theory

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 12 (1) Sayı: 23, 9 - 38, 01.08.2009

Öz

This paper examines the role played by the psychoanalytical film theory in the comprehension of the film form. Starting with an investigation of apparatus theory the present essay first discusses Christian Metz and Jean Louis Baudry's approaches to the question of the spectator's affiliation with the screen. It is also explored why Metz and Baudry perceive cinema as a kind of mirror, a regression to a childhood experience making the spectator the master of the gaze. Secondly, this essay explores the debates surrounding apparatus theory and the gaze. Contra Metz and Baudry, the gaze is, in these debates, considered as the traumatic encounter with the absolute failure of the spectator's assumed mastery. Instead of being an experience of imaginary mastery, the gaze becomes the distortion of point of view. This radical shift in the comprehension of the gaze reveals that the gaze is actually ensured by the film form. As such, the gaze becomes a site for the emergence of modern subjectivity which relates cinema to the modern politics and philosophy.

Kaynakça

  • Andrew, Dudley (1984). Concepts in Film Theory. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
  • Baudry, Jean-Louis (1986a). “Ideological Effects of the Basic Cinematografic Apparatus.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 286-298.
  • Baudry, Jean-Louis (1986b). “The Apparatus: Metapsychological Approaches to the Impression of Reality in Cinema.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 299-318.
  • Bellour, Raymond (1986a). “Segmenting/Analyzing.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 66-92.
  • Bellour, Raymond (1986b). “The Obvious and the Code.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 93-101.
  • Bellour, Raymond (2000). The Analysis Of Film. Constance Penley (der.) içinde. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Benjamin, Walter (2001). “Tekniğin Olanaklarıyla Yeniden Üretilebildiği Çağda Sanat Yapıtı.” Pasajlar. Çev., Ahmet Cemal. İstanbul: YKY. 50-86.
  • Bordwell, David ve Noel Carroll (der.) (1996). Post-Theory. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Botting, Fred (2000). “Dreaming Real.” Parallax 6 (3): 105-120.
  • Buckland, Warren (1997). “Traditions and Innovations in Film Theory.” Quarterly Review of Film & Video 16 (2): 207-219.
  • Carroll, Noel (1988). Mystifying Movies: Fads & Fallacies in Contemporary Film Theory. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Casetti, Francesco (1997). Theories of Cinema: 1945-1995. Texas: Austin Press. Chen, Yi-Zhuang (2004). “Edgar Morin's Paradigm of Complexity and Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem.” World Futures: The Journal of General Evolution 60 (5/6): 421-431.
  • Copjec, Joan (1989). “The Orthopsychic Subject: Film Theory and the Reception of Lacan.” October 49: 53-71.
  • Crary, Jonathan (2004). Gözlemcinin Teknikleri: Ondokuzuncu Yüzyılda Görme ve Modernite Üzerine. Çev., Elif Daldeniz. İstanbul: Metis.
  • Creed, Barbara (2000). “Film and Psychoanalysis.” Film Studies: Critical Approaches. John Hill and Pamela Church Gibson (der.) içinde. Oxford University Press. 75-88.
  • De Lauretis, Teresa (1984). Alice Doesn't: Feminism, Semiotics. Cinema. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • De Lauretis, Teresa ve Stephen Heath (der.) (1985). The Cinematic Apparatus. London: Macmillan.
  • Donald, James vd. (1998). Close Up 1927-1933: Cinema and Modernism. London: Cassell. Hayward, Susan (2000). Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Heath, Stephen (1982a). “On Suture.” Questions of Cinema içinde. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 76-112.
  • Heath, Stephen (1982b). “Narrative Space.” Questions of Cinema içinde. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 19-75
  • Homer, Sean (2005). “Cinema and Fetishism: The Disavowal of a Concept.” Historical Materialism 13 (1): 85-116.
  • Kracauer, Siegfried (2002). “Sıkıntı.” Çev., Hasan Ünal Nalbantoğlu. Defter 45: 177-181.
  • Lacan, Jacques (1998). The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis. Jacques-Alain Miller (der.) içinde. New York & London: Norton.
  • Laclau, Ernesto (2005). On Populist Reason. London: Verso.
  • Leader, Darian (2004). Mona Lisa Kaçırıldı: Sanatın Bizden Gizledikleri. Çev., Handan Akdemir. İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Low, Barbara (1998). “Mind-growth or Mind-mechanization? The Cinema in Education.” Close Up 1927-1933: Cinema and Modernism. James Donald, Anne Friedberg ve Laura Marcus (der.) içinde. London: Cassell. 247-250.
  • MacCabe, Colin (1986). “Theory and Film: Principles of Realism and Pleasure.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 179-197.
  • Marcus, Laura (1998). “Introduction: Cinema and Psychoanalysis.” Close Up 1927-1933: Cinema and Modernism. James Donald, Anne Friedberg ve Laura Marcus (der.) içinde. London: Cassell. 240-246.
  • McGowan, Todd (2003). “Looking for the Gaze: Lacanian Film Theory and Its Vicissitudes.” Cinema Journal 42 (3): 27-47.
  • Metz, Christian (1974). Film Language: A Semiotics of Cinema. Oxford University Press: New York.
  • Metz, Christian (1985). Psychoanalysis and Cinema: The Imaginary Signifier. London: Macmillan.
  • Montuori, Alfonso (2004). “Edgar Morin: A Partial Introduction.” World Futures: The Journal of General Evolution 60 (5/6): 457-462.
  • Mortimer, Lorraine (2001). “We are the Dance: Cinema, Death and the Imaginary in the Thought of Edgar Morin.” Thesis Eleven 64: 77-95.
  • Mulvey, Laura (1989a). “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema.” Visual and Other Pleasures içinde. London: Macmillan. 14-26.
  • Mulvey, Laura (1989b). “Afterthoughts on 'Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema' inspired by King Vidor's Duel in the Sun (1946).” Visual and Other Pleasures içinde. London: Macmillan. 29-38.
  • Murphy, Paula (2005a). “Psychoanalysis and Film Theory Part 1: 'A New Kind of Mirror'.” Kritikos 2 (February). http://intertheory.org/psychoanalysis.htm. Erişim tarihi: 26.10.2005.
  • Murphy, Paula (2005b) “Psychoanalysis and Film Theory Part 2: Reflections and Refutations.” Kritikos 2 (April). http:// intertheory.org/psychoanalysis2.htm. Erişim tarihi: 26.10.2005.
  • Nalbantoğlu, Hasan Ünal (2002). “Kracauer ve 'Sıkıntı' Yazısı İçin.” Defter 45: 169-176.
  • Neale, Steve (1993). “Prologue: Masculinity as Spectacle.” Screening The Male: Exploring Masculinites in Hollywood Cinema. Steven Cohan ve Ina Rae Hark (der.) içinde. London & New York: Routledge. 9-22.
  • Penley, Constance (1989a). “The Avantgarde and Its Imaginary.” The Future of an Illusion: Film, Feminism and Psychoanalysis içinde. London & New York: Routledge. 3-28
  • Penley, Constance (1989b). “Feminism, Film Theory and the Bachelor Machines.” The Future of an Illusion: Film, Feminism and Psychoanalysis içinde. London & New York: Routledge. 57-80.
  • Penley, Constance (1989c). “ 'A Certain Reffusal of Difference': Feminism and Film Theory.” The Future of an Illusion: Film, Feminism and Psychoanalysis içinde. London & New York: Routledge. 41-54.
  • Polan, Dana B. (1982/1983). “ 'Above all else to make you see': Cinema and The Ideology of The Spectacle.” Boundary 2 11 (1/2): 129-144.
  • Rodowick, David Norman (1988). The Crisis of Political Modernism: Criticism and Ideology in Contemporary Film Theory. Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
  • Rosen, Philip (1986a). “Apparatus.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 281-285.
  • Rosen, Philip (1986b). “Introduction: The Saussurian Impulse and Cinema Semiotics.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 3-15.
  • Rosen, Philip (1986c). “Text and Subject.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 155-171.
  • Sachs, Hanns (1998). “Film Psychology.” Close Up 1927-1933: Cinema and Modernism. James Donald, Anne Friedberg ve Laura Marcus (der.) içinde. London: Cassell. 250- 254.
  • Silverman, Kaja (1986). “Suture [Excerpts].” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 219-235.
  • Silverman, Kaja (2002). “The Dream of the Nineteenth Century.” Camera Obscura 17 (51): 1-30.
  • Stam, Robert vd. (1992). New Vocabularies in Film Semiotics. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Stavrakakis, Yannis (1999). Lacan and the Political. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Thompson, Kristin (1986). “The Concept of Cinematic Excess.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 130-142.
  • Willemen, Paul (1986). “Voyeurism, The Look and Dwoskin.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 210-218.
  • Zizek, Slavoj (1996). “Müstehcen Efendi.” Çev., Mustafa Yılmazer. Toplum ve Bilim 70: 63- 77.
  • Zizek, Slavoj (2001a). The Fright of Real Tears: Krzysztof Kieslowski Between Theory and PostTheory. London: BFI.
  • Zizek, Slavoj (2001b). Enjoy Your Symptom: Jacques Lacan in Hollywood and out. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Zizek, Slavoj (2002). İdeolojinin Yüce Nesnesi. Çev., Tuncay Birkan. İstanbul: Metis.
  • Zizek, Slavoj (2003). Kırılgan Mutlak ya da Hristiyan Miras için Neden Mücadele Etmeye Değer?. Çev., Mehmet Öznur. İstanbul: Encore.
  • Zizek, Slavoj (2004). Yamuk Bakmak: Popüler Kültürden Jacques Lacan'a Giriş. Çev., Tuncay Birkan. İstanbul: Metis.
  • Zizek, Slavoj (2005). Gıdıklanan Özne: Politik Ontolojinin Yok Merkezi. Çev., Şamil Can. Ankara: Epos.

Aynanın Sırları: Psikanalitik Film Kuramı

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 12 (1) Sayı: 23, 9 - 38, 01.08.2009

Öz

Bu yazıda, psikanalitik film kuramının film biçiminin kavranmasında oynadığı önemli rol ele alınacaktır. Aygıt kuramı'nın incelenmesiyle başlayan yazı, özellikle Christian Metz ve Jean Louis Baudry'nin seyirciyi perdeye bağlayan psişik süreçlere dair yaklaşımlarını tartışmaktadır. Metz ve Baudry'nin sinemayı bir çeşit ayna, seyirciyi bakışın efendisi kılan bir tür regresyon olarak tarif etmelerinin sebebi nedir? Sinemada bakış (gaze) meselesini bu soru etrafında düşünmeyi öneren yazı, ikinci olarak, aygıt kuramı sonrası tartışmalara odaklanmaktadır. Bu tartışmalarda bakış, Metz ve Baudry'nin öngördüğünden farklı olarak, seyircinin farz edilen efendilik deneyiminin sarsıldığı, anlam açıklığının ve güvenliğinin kaybolduğu, seyircinin bu çaresizlikle kıskıvrak yakalandığı bir durumu, bu travmatik karşılaşmayı anlatır. Bakış açısının yol açtığı istikrar ve güvenin yerini, bakışın tekinsizliği alır. Bakışın kavranışındaki bu radikal dönüşüm, bakışın film biçimiyle ilgili bir mesele olduğunu görünür kılmıştır. Bakış, sinemayı sinema yapan unsuru, film biçiminin gücünü anlatır. Bakışın bu potansiyeli, sinemayı modern siyasete ve felsefeye bağlayan modern öznelliği sahneleyebilmesindedir.

Kaynakça

  • Andrew, Dudley (1984). Concepts in Film Theory. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
  • Baudry, Jean-Louis (1986a). “Ideological Effects of the Basic Cinematografic Apparatus.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 286-298.
  • Baudry, Jean-Louis (1986b). “The Apparatus: Metapsychological Approaches to the Impression of Reality in Cinema.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 299-318.
  • Bellour, Raymond (1986a). “Segmenting/Analyzing.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 66-92.
  • Bellour, Raymond (1986b). “The Obvious and the Code.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 93-101.
  • Bellour, Raymond (2000). The Analysis Of Film. Constance Penley (der.) içinde. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Benjamin, Walter (2001). “Tekniğin Olanaklarıyla Yeniden Üretilebildiği Çağda Sanat Yapıtı.” Pasajlar. Çev., Ahmet Cemal. İstanbul: YKY. 50-86.
  • Bordwell, David ve Noel Carroll (der.) (1996). Post-Theory. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Botting, Fred (2000). “Dreaming Real.” Parallax 6 (3): 105-120.
  • Buckland, Warren (1997). “Traditions and Innovations in Film Theory.” Quarterly Review of Film & Video 16 (2): 207-219.
  • Carroll, Noel (1988). Mystifying Movies: Fads & Fallacies in Contemporary Film Theory. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Casetti, Francesco (1997). Theories of Cinema: 1945-1995. Texas: Austin Press. Chen, Yi-Zhuang (2004). “Edgar Morin's Paradigm of Complexity and Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem.” World Futures: The Journal of General Evolution 60 (5/6): 421-431.
  • Copjec, Joan (1989). “The Orthopsychic Subject: Film Theory and the Reception of Lacan.” October 49: 53-71.
  • Crary, Jonathan (2004). Gözlemcinin Teknikleri: Ondokuzuncu Yüzyılda Görme ve Modernite Üzerine. Çev., Elif Daldeniz. İstanbul: Metis.
  • Creed, Barbara (2000). “Film and Psychoanalysis.” Film Studies: Critical Approaches. John Hill and Pamela Church Gibson (der.) içinde. Oxford University Press. 75-88.
  • De Lauretis, Teresa (1984). Alice Doesn't: Feminism, Semiotics. Cinema. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • De Lauretis, Teresa ve Stephen Heath (der.) (1985). The Cinematic Apparatus. London: Macmillan.
  • Donald, James vd. (1998). Close Up 1927-1933: Cinema and Modernism. London: Cassell. Hayward, Susan (2000). Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Heath, Stephen (1982a). “On Suture.” Questions of Cinema içinde. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 76-112.
  • Heath, Stephen (1982b). “Narrative Space.” Questions of Cinema içinde. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 19-75
  • Homer, Sean (2005). “Cinema and Fetishism: The Disavowal of a Concept.” Historical Materialism 13 (1): 85-116.
  • Kracauer, Siegfried (2002). “Sıkıntı.” Çev., Hasan Ünal Nalbantoğlu. Defter 45: 177-181.
  • Lacan, Jacques (1998). The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis. Jacques-Alain Miller (der.) içinde. New York & London: Norton.
  • Laclau, Ernesto (2005). On Populist Reason. London: Verso.
  • Leader, Darian (2004). Mona Lisa Kaçırıldı: Sanatın Bizden Gizledikleri. Çev., Handan Akdemir. İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Low, Barbara (1998). “Mind-growth or Mind-mechanization? The Cinema in Education.” Close Up 1927-1933: Cinema and Modernism. James Donald, Anne Friedberg ve Laura Marcus (der.) içinde. London: Cassell. 247-250.
  • MacCabe, Colin (1986). “Theory and Film: Principles of Realism and Pleasure.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 179-197.
  • Marcus, Laura (1998). “Introduction: Cinema and Psychoanalysis.” Close Up 1927-1933: Cinema and Modernism. James Donald, Anne Friedberg ve Laura Marcus (der.) içinde. London: Cassell. 240-246.
  • McGowan, Todd (2003). “Looking for the Gaze: Lacanian Film Theory and Its Vicissitudes.” Cinema Journal 42 (3): 27-47.
  • Metz, Christian (1974). Film Language: A Semiotics of Cinema. Oxford University Press: New York.
  • Metz, Christian (1985). Psychoanalysis and Cinema: The Imaginary Signifier. London: Macmillan.
  • Montuori, Alfonso (2004). “Edgar Morin: A Partial Introduction.” World Futures: The Journal of General Evolution 60 (5/6): 457-462.
  • Mortimer, Lorraine (2001). “We are the Dance: Cinema, Death and the Imaginary in the Thought of Edgar Morin.” Thesis Eleven 64: 77-95.
  • Mulvey, Laura (1989a). “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema.” Visual and Other Pleasures içinde. London: Macmillan. 14-26.
  • Mulvey, Laura (1989b). “Afterthoughts on 'Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema' inspired by King Vidor's Duel in the Sun (1946).” Visual and Other Pleasures içinde. London: Macmillan. 29-38.
  • Murphy, Paula (2005a). “Psychoanalysis and Film Theory Part 1: 'A New Kind of Mirror'.” Kritikos 2 (February). http://intertheory.org/psychoanalysis.htm. Erişim tarihi: 26.10.2005.
  • Murphy, Paula (2005b) “Psychoanalysis and Film Theory Part 2: Reflections and Refutations.” Kritikos 2 (April). http:// intertheory.org/psychoanalysis2.htm. Erişim tarihi: 26.10.2005.
  • Nalbantoğlu, Hasan Ünal (2002). “Kracauer ve 'Sıkıntı' Yazısı İçin.” Defter 45: 169-176.
  • Neale, Steve (1993). “Prologue: Masculinity as Spectacle.” Screening The Male: Exploring Masculinites in Hollywood Cinema. Steven Cohan ve Ina Rae Hark (der.) içinde. London & New York: Routledge. 9-22.
  • Penley, Constance (1989a). “The Avantgarde and Its Imaginary.” The Future of an Illusion: Film, Feminism and Psychoanalysis içinde. London & New York: Routledge. 3-28
  • Penley, Constance (1989b). “Feminism, Film Theory and the Bachelor Machines.” The Future of an Illusion: Film, Feminism and Psychoanalysis içinde. London & New York: Routledge. 57-80.
  • Penley, Constance (1989c). “ 'A Certain Reffusal of Difference': Feminism and Film Theory.” The Future of an Illusion: Film, Feminism and Psychoanalysis içinde. London & New York: Routledge. 41-54.
  • Polan, Dana B. (1982/1983). “ 'Above all else to make you see': Cinema and The Ideology of The Spectacle.” Boundary 2 11 (1/2): 129-144.
  • Rodowick, David Norman (1988). The Crisis of Political Modernism: Criticism and Ideology in Contemporary Film Theory. Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
  • Rosen, Philip (1986a). “Apparatus.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 281-285.
  • Rosen, Philip (1986b). “Introduction: The Saussurian Impulse and Cinema Semiotics.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 3-15.
  • Rosen, Philip (1986c). “Text and Subject.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 155-171.
  • Sachs, Hanns (1998). “Film Psychology.” Close Up 1927-1933: Cinema and Modernism. James Donald, Anne Friedberg ve Laura Marcus (der.) içinde. London: Cassell. 250- 254.
  • Silverman, Kaja (1986). “Suture [Excerpts].” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 219-235.
  • Silverman, Kaja (2002). “The Dream of the Nineteenth Century.” Camera Obscura 17 (51): 1-30.
  • Stam, Robert vd. (1992). New Vocabularies in Film Semiotics. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Stavrakakis, Yannis (1999). Lacan and the Political. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Thompson, Kristin (1986). “The Concept of Cinematic Excess.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 130-142.
  • Willemen, Paul (1986). “Voyeurism, The Look and Dwoskin.” Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. Philip Rosen (der.) içinde. New York: Columbia University Press. 210-218.
  • Zizek, Slavoj (1996). “Müstehcen Efendi.” Çev., Mustafa Yılmazer. Toplum ve Bilim 70: 63- 77.
  • Zizek, Slavoj (2001a). The Fright of Real Tears: Krzysztof Kieslowski Between Theory and PostTheory. London: BFI.
  • Zizek, Slavoj (2001b). Enjoy Your Symptom: Jacques Lacan in Hollywood and out. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Zizek, Slavoj (2002). İdeolojinin Yüce Nesnesi. Çev., Tuncay Birkan. İstanbul: Metis.
  • Zizek, Slavoj (2003). Kırılgan Mutlak ya da Hristiyan Miras için Neden Mücadele Etmeye Değer?. Çev., Mehmet Öznur. İstanbul: Encore.
  • Zizek, Slavoj (2004). Yamuk Bakmak: Popüler Kültürden Jacques Lacan'a Giriş. Çev., Tuncay Birkan. İstanbul: Metis.
  • Zizek, Slavoj (2005). Gıdıklanan Özne: Politik Ontolojinin Yok Merkezi. Çev., Şamil Can. Ankara: Epos.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Radyo-Televizyon, Kültürel çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Umut Tümay Arslan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2009
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2009 Cilt: 12 (1) Sayı: 23

Kaynak Göster

APA Arslan, U. T. (2009). Aynanın Sırları: Psikanalitik Film Kuramı. Kültür Ve İletişim, 12 (1)(23), 9-38.