Nutritional Composition of Duckweed (Lemna minor) Cultured with Inorganic Fertilizer and Organic manure in Earthen Ponds

Öz

Duckweed (Lemna minor) have been used for several years to recover nutrients from wastewater and as feed ingredient for livestock, including fish and poultry. This study aimed at assessing the effect of different manure sources; inorganic fertilizer (a combination of DAP and Urea), and organic sources (chicken manure and cow dung manure) on the proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid profile of L. minor under culture conditions. Results indicated that L. minor cultured with chicken manure had significantly higher crude protein level (36.8%) (P < 0.05) and lower crude fat content (8.10%) compared to the ones cultured with inorganic fertilizer and cow dung manure. Essential amino acids proportion was 50% in L. minor cultured with inorganic fertilizer, 45.4% in chicken manure and 44.8% in cow dung manure with lysine and phenylalanine being the most abundant amino acids. The total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in L. minor cultured using inorganic fertilizer (43.05 mg/100 g) with linoleic acid being the most dominant PUFA. The presence of high levels of amino acids and PUFA in the L. minor cultured with organic and inorganic fertilizer respectively indicates that it can provide quality protein and PUFA required for fish growth and well-being.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• organic manure
• inorganic fertilizer
• nutrients
• Lemna minor
• composition

Destekleyen Kurum

Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Project (KCSAP)

Proje Numarası

KCSAP/AR02-4/2

Teşekkür

Technologists at KMFRI Sangoro headed by Mr Peter Miruka for assisting in the experiment.

Kaynakça

1. Al-snafi AE. 2019. Lemna minor : Traditional uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological effects- A review. OSR J Pharm 9:6–11.
2. AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), Arlington, Virginia, USA. 771 pp.
3. Bag MP, Mahapatra SC, Rao PS, Chakrabarty D. 2011. Making aquatic weed as potential feed for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) and its impact on fatty acid profile. Int Res Pharm Pharmacol 1:194–202.
4. Bligh, E.G. and Dyer WJ. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37:911–917. doi: 10.1139/o59-099
5. Chakrabarti R, Clark WD, Sharma JG, Goswami RK, Shrivastav AK, Tocher DR. 2018. Mass production of Lemna minor and its amino acid and fatty acid profiles. Front Chem 6:1–16. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00479
6. Culley DD, Rejmánková E, Květ J, Frye JB.1981. Production, chemical quality and use of duckweeds (Lemnaceae) in aquaculture, waste management, and animal feeds. J World Maric Soc 12:27–49. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1981.tb00273.x
7. Guha R (1997) Duckweeds. ENVIS Newsletter. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, p. 5–9
8. Hammouda O, Gaber A, Abdel-Hameed MS. 1995. Assessment of the effectiveness of treatment of wastewater-contaminated aquatic systems with Lemna gibba. Enzyme Microb Technol 17:317–323. doi: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)00013-1

9. Hasan MR, Chakrabarti R. 2009. Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes as feed in small-scale aquaculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
10. Hassan MS, Edwards P. 1992. Evaluation of duckweed (Lemna perpusilla and Spirodela polyrrhiza) as feed for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 104:315–326. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(92)90213-5
11. Landesman L, Chang J, Yamamoto Y, Goodwin J. 2002. Nutritional value of wastewater-grown duckweed for fish and shrimp feed. World Aquac 33:39–40.
12. Moozhiyil M, Pallauf J. 2016. Chemical composition of the Water fern, Salvinia molesta, and it's potential as feed source for ruminants. Econ Bot 40:375–383.
13. Moyo B, Masika PJ, Hugo A, Muchenje V. 2011. Nutritional characterization of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. African J Biotechnol 10:12925–12933. doi: 10.5897/ajb10.1599
14. Mukherjee AK, Kalita P, Unni BG, Wann SB, Saikia D, Mukhopadhyay PK. 2010. Fatty acid composition of four potential aquatic weeds and their possible use as fish-feed neutraceuticals. Food Chem 123:1252–1254. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.057
15. Nesan D, Selvabala K, Chan D, Chieh J. 2020. Nutrient uptakes and biochemical composition of Lemna minor in brackish water. Aquac Res 51(9): 3563-3570. doi: 10.1111/are.14693
16. Sharma J, Clark WD, Shrivastav AK, Goswami RK, Tocher DR, Chakrabarti R. 2019. Production potential of greater duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza (L. Schleiden) and its biochemical composition evaluation. Aquaculture 513:734419.doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734419
17. Yan Y, Candreva J, Shi H, Ernst E, Martienssen R, Schwender J, Shanklin J. 2013. Survey of the total fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition and content of 30 duckweed species and cloning of a Δ6-desaturase responsible for the production of γ-linolenic and stearidonic acids in Lemna gibba. BMC Plant Biol 13:201. doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-201
18. Yılmaz E, Akyurt I, Günal G. 2004. Use of duckweed, Lemna minor, as a protein feed stuff in practical diets for Common carp, Cyprinus carpio, fry. Turkish J Fish Aquat Sci 4:105–109.
19. Young DLW, Wiegand MD, Loadman NL, Collins SA, Ballevona AJ, Huebner JD. 2006. Effects of artificial ultraviolet-B radiation on growth and fatty acid composition of duckweed (Lemna minor). Freshw Biol 51:2029–2040. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01633.x