Keban Baraj Gölü ve Hazar Gölü'nde Toksik Mavi-Yeşil Alg Çoğalmaları

Öz

Mavi-yeşil algler, Keban Baraj Gölü ve bir ölçüde Hazar Gölü'ndeki yaz fitoplanktonunun başlıca üyeleridir. Keban Baraj Gölü'nde Microcystis aeruginosa bloomları dikkat çekerken, Nodularia spumigena bloomları yalnızca Hazar Gölü'nde gerçekleşmiştir. Keban Baraj Gölü'nde M. aeruginosa bloomları esnasında alınan örneklerde siyanotoksinin üç varyantı olan mikrosistin-RR, mikrosistin-YR ve mikrosistin-LR analizleri yapılmıştır. Mikrosistin-RR konsantrasyonu 0,27-1,12 µg/L; mikrosistin-YR konsantrasyonu 0,12-0,54 µg/L ve mikrosistin-LR konsantrasyonu 0,27-1,15 µg/L aralığında belirlenmiştir. M. aeruginosa bloomları esnasında klorofil a konsantrasyonları 16-20 µg/L ve 32-36 µg/L aralığında bulunmuştur. Hazar Gölü’nde Nodularia spumigena’nın ilk çoğalmaları, 1.368 mg/L'lik bir biyokütle ile haziran (2010) ayının ilk haftasında ortaya çıkmış ve hızla çoğalmaya devam ederek iki hafta içinde bloom oluşturmuştur. Bloom yaklaşık dört hafta sürmüş ve maksimum biyokütle 28,4 mg/L olarak kaydedilmiştir. Aktif çoğalma periyodunun ilk iki haftasında 12-14 µg/L olarak analiz edilen klorofil a konsantrasyonu, maksimum çoğalma seviyesinde 21-24 µg/L'ye kadar yükselmiştir. Nodularin (N. spumigena toksini) göl suyunda 42,3 ile 607 µg L-1 arasında değişen konsantrasyonlarda tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• : Toksik alg çoğalmaları
• Microcystis aeruginosa
• Nodularia spumigena
• Keban Baraj Gölü
• Hazar Gölü

Toxic Blue-Green Algal Blooms in Keban Dam Lake and Lake Hazar

Öz

The blue-green algae are main members of summer phytoplankton in Keban Dam Lake and to some extent in Lake Hazar. Sporadic occurrences of Microcystis aeruginosa blooms were noticable in Keban Dam Lake whilst blooms of Nodularia spumigena was characteristic in Lake Hazar. Three variants of cyanotoxin namely microcystin-RR, microcystin-YR and microcystin-LR were analyzed in Keban Dam Lake only during M.aeruginosa blooms. Their concentrations were determined in the range of microcystin-RR 0.27-1.12 µg L-1; microcystin-YR 0.12-0.54 µg/L and microcystin-LR 0.27-1.15 µg/L respectively. Chlorophyll a concentrations were found to range 16-20 µg L-1 and 32-36 µg L-1 during two blooms of M. aeruginosa. Nodularia spumigena appeared in the first week of june (2010) with a biomass of 1.368 mg L-1 and it proliferated rapidly giving rise to a bloom within two weeks in Hazar Lake. The bloom lasted nearly four weeks and maximum biomass was recorded as 28.4 mgL-1. Chlorophyll a concentration was found to be 12-14 µg L-1 in the first two weeks of the active multiplication period and increased up to 21-24 µg L-1 at the maximum bloom level. Nodularin (toxin of N. spumigena) was detected in the samples with concentrations varied between 42.3 and 607 µgL-1.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Toxic algal blooms
• Microcystis aeruginosa
• Nodularia spumigena
• Keban Dam Lake
• Lake Hazar

Kaynakça

1. Albay M, Aykulu G, Akçaalan R, Tüfekçi H, Metcalf J, Beattie KA, Codd GA. 1998. Depth profiles of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins (microcystin) in two Turkish freshwater lakes. International Conference on Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Secotox, Antalya, Turkey, p.216.
2. Albay M, Akçaalan R, Aykulu G, Tüfekçi H, Beattie KA, Codd GA. 2003. Occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria before and after copper sulphate treatment in a water reservoir, İstanbul, Turkey. Algological Studies 109(1), 67-78.doi: 10.1127/1864-1318/2003/0109-0067
3. Akçaalan R, Mazur-Marzec H, Zalewska A, Albay M. 2008. Phenotypic and toxicological characterization of toxic Nodularia spumigena from a freshwater Lake in Turkey. Harmful Algae, 8(2), 273-278. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2008.06.007
4. American Public Health Association (APHA). 2002. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, 19th Ed., Washington D. C.
5. Bourke ATC, Hawes RB, Neilson A, Stallman ND.1983. An outbreak of hepeto-enteritis (The Palm Island mystrey disasae) possibly caused by algal intoxication. Toxicon. 21 (suppl. 3), 45-48. doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(83)90151-4
6. Cood GA.1995. Cyanobacterial toxins. Occurrence, Properties and Biological Significance. Wat. Sci. Tech. 32 (4), 149-156. doi: 10.1016/0273-1223(95)00692-3
7. Corus L, Bartram J. 1999. Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management. E and FN Spoon, London. 416 pp. doi: 10.4324/9780203478073
8. Fogg GE, Stewart WDP, Fay P, Walsby AE. 1973. The Blue-green Algae. Academic Press, New York, 459 pp. doi: 10.1007/BF02920994

9. Froscio SM, Humpage AR, Burcham PC, Falconer IR. 2003. Cylindrospermopsin- induced protein synthesis inhibition and its dissociation from acute toxicity in Mouse hepatocytes. Environ. Toxicol. 18(4), 243-251. doi: 10.1002/tox.10121
10. Hobson P, Burch M, Fallowfield HJ. 2001. Effect of salinity on photosynthetic activity of Nodularia spumigena. J. Appl. Phycol. 13, 493-499.doi: 10.1023/A:1012540928506
11. ISO 20179. Water Quality-Determination of Microcystins-Method Using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Ultraviolet (UV) Detection. 2005. The International Organization for Standardization. 17 p.
12. John DM, Whitton BA, Brook AJ. 2002. The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles, An identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae. Cambridge UK. Cambridge University Press 702 p.
13. Kahru M, Horstmann U, Ruud O. 1994. Satelite detection of increased cyanobacteria blooms in Baltic Sea.; natural fluctuations or ecosystem change? Ambio 23(8) 469-472.
14. Koçer MAT, Şen B. 2014. Some factors affecting the abundance of phytoplankton in an unproductive alkaline lake (Lake Hazar, Turkey). Journal of Botany. 38, 790-799. doi:10.3906/bot-1310-2
15. Lawton LA, Edwards C, Codd GA. 1994. Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method fort he determination of microcystin in raw and treated waters. Analyst. 119, 1525-1530. doi: 10.1039/AN9941901525
16. Lehtimaki J, Sivonen K, Luukkainen R, Niemela SI. 1994. The effects of incubation time, light, salinity, and phosphous on growth of and hepatotoxin production by Nodularia strains. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 130(3), 269-282. doi: 10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/130/1994/269
17. Lorenzen CJ. 1967. Determination of chlorophyll and pheo-pigments: Spectrophotometric equations. Limnol. Oceanogr., 12(2), 343-346. doi: 10.4319/lo.1967.12.2.0343
18. Mazur-Marzec H, Krezel A, Kobos J, Plinski M. 2006. Toxic Nodularia spumigena blooms in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk., A ten-year survey. Oceanologia, 48(2), 255-273.
19. Meriluoto J, Codd GA. 2005. Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis. Acta Academiae Aboensis, 65 (1), 151 p.
20. Mur LR and Beijdorf RO. 1978. A model of the succession from green to blue-green algae based on light limitation. Verh. Int. Verein. Theoret. Angew. Limnol., 20, 2314-2321.
21. Paerl HW, Fulton RS 3rd, Moisander PH, Dyble J. 2001. Harmful Freshwater Algal Blooms, with an Emphasis on Cyanobacteria. The Scientific World, 1, 139109, 76-113. doi: 10.1100/tsw.2001.16
22. Philips EJ, Hendrickson J, Quinlan EL, Cichra M. 2007. Meteorological Influences on Algal Bloom Potential in a Nutrient-Rich Blackwater River. Freshwater Biology. 52(11), 2141-2155. doi: 10.111/j. 1365-2427.2007.01844.x
23. Preussel K, Stuken A, Wiedner C, Chorus I, Fastner J. 2006. First report on cylindrospermopsin producing Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (cyanobacteria) isolated from two German lakes. Toxicon 47(2), 156-162. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.10.013
24. Rai LC and Gaur LP. 2001. Algal Adaptation to Environmental Stresses. Springer-Verlag. 421 pp. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-59491-5
25. Reynolds CS. 1984. The ecology of Freshwater Phytoplankton (Cambridge Studies in Ecology). Cambridge UK, Cambridge Univ. Press., 384 pp.
26. Reynolds CS, Walsby AE. 1975. Water blooms. Biol. Rev. 50(4), 437-481. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1975.tb01060.x
27. Rott HE. 1981. Some results from phytoplankton counting intercalibration. Schw. Zeitsch. Hydrologie, 43, 34-62. doi: 10.1007/BF02502471
28. Rozitano J, Newcombe G, Nicholson B, Sztajnbok P. 2001. Ozonation of NOM and algal toxins in four treated waters. Wat. Res. 35(1): 23-32. doi: 10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00252-9
29. Şen B, Alp MT, Sönmez F, Ercan Y, Yıldırım V. 1999. A study on the amounts of nutrients and organic matter carried into Lake Hazar (Elazığ, Turkey). Fresenius Envir. Bull. 8: 272-279.
30. Şen B, Sönmez F, Canpolat Ö, Akçaalan R, Köker L, Albay M. 2010. Nodularia spumigena threat to the Lake Hazar (Elazığ, Türkiye). ICTC8 The 8th International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria, İstanbul, Türkiye. August 29th-September 4th. p. 222.
31. Shen XY, Lam PKS, Shaw GR, Wickramasinghe W. 2002. Genotoxicity investigation of cyanobacterial toxin, cylindrospermopsin. Toxicon 40(10), 1499-1501.doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(02)00151-4
32. Skulberg OM, Carmichael WW, Codd J, Skulberg R. 1993. Taxonomy of toxic Cyanophyceae (Cyanophyta). In I.R. Falconer (ed.), Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water, Academic press, London. pp.145-164.doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-091811-2.50014-9
33. Ulcay S, Kurt O, Taşkın E, Öztürk M. 2010. Uluabat (Apolyont) Gölü’nde (Bursa) Gözlenen Mevsimsel Toksik Mavi-Yeşil Alg (Cyanobacteria, Cyanophyceae) Çoğalması. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 3(1): 117-120.
34. Watanabe MF, Oishi S. 1980. Toxicities of Microcystis aeruginosa collected from some lakes, reservoirs, ponds and moat in Tokyo and adjacent regions. Japan. J. Limnol. 41(1), 5-9.
35. Watanabe MF, Tsuji K, Watanabe Y, Harada K, Suzuki M. 1992. Release of Heptapeptide toxin (microcystin) during the decomposition Process of Microcystis aeruginosa. Natural Toxins 1(1), 48-53. doi: 10.1002/nt.2620010110
36. Watanabe MF, Harada K, Carmichael WW, Fujiki H. 1995. Toxic Microcystis, Boca Raton-Florida USA, CRC Press, 272p.
37. Wehr JD, Sheath RG. 2003. Freshwater algae of North America, Ecology and Classification. Volume I. Academic Press. 917 p.
38. Wetzel RG, Likens GE. 1991. Limnological Analyses. Second edition, New York, Springer-Verlag, 391 pp. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4098-1
39. Zurawell RW, Chen H, Burke JM, Prepas EE. 2005. Hepatotoxic Cyanobacteria: A Review of the Biological Importance of Microcystins in Freshwater Environments. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health B Crit Rev. 8 (1): 1-37. doi: 10.1080/10937400590889412