Determination of Nuclear Abnormalities in Peripheral Erythrocytes of the Frog Pelophylax ridibundus (Anura: Ranidae) sampled from Karasu River Basin (Turkey) for Pollution Impacts

Abstract

Karasu River, which is the only river in the Erzurum plain, is the source of the river Euphrates (Eastern Anatolia of Turkey). The river is in a serious environmental situation as a result of pollution by agricultural and industrial sewage and domestic discharges. The present study aims to evaluate genotoxic effects of toxic metals in marsh frog, Pelophylax ridibundus collected from two contaminated wetlands environments of the Karasu River Basin, in comparison with frogs from one non-polluted reference site. Heavy metal concentrations in surface water of the river were determined. Genotoxicity assays such as micronucleus (MN) and other nuclear abnormalities (NA) were carried out on the frogs studied. MN and NA (kidney-shaped nucleus, notched nucleus and lobed nucleus) were assessed in peripheral blood erythrocytes of the frog. A significant elevation in MN and NA frequencies was observed in frog collected from the polluted sites compared with those from the reference site. Results of the current study suggest that there is a close realtion between increasing of erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities and environmental contamination. High concentrations of heavy metals have a potential genotoxic effects, and the toxicity is possibly related to industrial, agricultural and domestic activities.

Keywords

• Pelophylax ridibundus; heavy metals; polluted river water; genotoxicity

Karasu Nehri (Erzurum) Havzasında Yaşayan Pelophylax ridibundus (Anura: Ranidae) Kurbağalarında Kirliliğin Neden Olduğu Eritrositik Çekirdek Anormalliklerinin Tespiti

Öz

Erzurum ovasının tek nehri olan Karasu Nehri, Fırat Nehri’nin kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Nehirde tarımsal, endüstriyel ve evsel atıkların karışması sonucu ciddi bir çevresel kirlilik durumu söz konusudur. Bu çalışmanın amacı nehrin metallerle kirlenmiş ve kirlenmemiş bölgelerinde yaşayan ova kurbağalarındaki (Pelophylax ridibundus) genotoksik etkileri araştırmaktır. Kirliliği tespit etmek için nehrin daha yüzey suyu örneklerinde ağır metallerin konsantrasyonları ölçülmüştür. Kurbağalarda genotoksisite mikro çekirdek (MÇ) ve diğer çekirdek anormalliklerinin (ÇA) oluşumuna bakılarak tespit edilmiştir. MÇ ve böbrek şekilli çekirdek, çentikli çekirdek ve loplu çekirdek gibi diğer ÇA oluşumları kurbağaların eritrositleri kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Kirlenmiş bölge kurbağalarının kanlarında MÇ ve ÇA frekansı temiz bölge kurbağalarına göre önemli ölçüde arttığı bulunmuştur. Bu artış ile nehrin kirlenmiş olma durumu arasında kuvvetli ilişkinin olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Yüksek ağır metal seviyesinin toksisiteye yol açtığı ve tespit edilen genotoksisitenin endüstriyel, tarımsal ve evsel aktivitelerle ilgili olabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pelophylax ridibundus; ağır metaller; kirlenmiş nehir suyu; genotoksisite

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