Determination of Some Biochemical Parameters Changes in Gammarus pulex Exposed to Cadmium at Different Temperature and Different Concentration

Öz

In this study, the oxidative stress effects of cadmium (Cd) toxicity depending on water temperature were investigated on Gammarus pulex. The test organism individuals were exposed to sublethal concentrations for 96 hours at certain rates (C1; 1/10, C2; 1/20 and C3; 1/40) of LC50 values of Cd for each temperature (10, 14, 18 °C). Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities were investigated at the temperatures determined in G. pulex exposed to Cd. With the increasing temperature, the MDA level and CAT enzyme activity increased while GPx enzyme activities decreased. The results of this study revealed that the biochemical response caused by Cd on G. pulex had statistically significant differences (p<0.05) with temperature. In this study, the use of MDA levels with CAT and GPx-related enzymes, Cd exposure, toxicity, and temperature change as biomarkers for risk assessment may be useful.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gammarus pulex
• cadmium
• malondialdehyde
• glutathione peroxidase
• catalase

Farklı Sıcaklık ve Farklı Konsantrasyonlarda Kadmiyuma Maruz Bırakılan Gammarus pulex'te Bazı Biyokimyasal Parametrelerin Değişikliklerinin Belirlenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada Gammarus pulex üzerinde kadmiyum (Cd) toksisitesinin su sıcaklığına bağlı olarak oksidatif stres etkileri araştırılmıştır. Test organizması bireyleri, her sıcaklık (10, 14, 18 °C) için belirli oranlarda (C1; 1/10, C2; 1/20 ve C3; 1/40) LC50 değerlerinin 96 saat boyunca subletal konsantrasyonlara maruz bırakıldı. Cd'ye maruz kalan G. pulex'te belirlenen sıcaklıklarda malondialdehid (MDA) seviyesi, glutatyon peroksidaz (GPx) ve katalaz (CAT) enzim aktiviteleri araştırıldı. Sıcaklık arttıkça MDA seviyesi ve CAT enzim aktivitesi artarken GPx enzim aktiviteleri azaldı. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, G. pulex üzerinde Cd'nin neden olduğu biyokimyasal yanıtın sıcaklık ile istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklara (p<0,05) sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, risk değerlendirmesi için biyobelirteç olarak MDA seviyelerinin CAT ve GPx ile ilişkili enzimler, Cd maruziyeti, toksisite ve sıcaklık değişimi ile kullanılması yararlı olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gammarus pulex
• kadmiyum
• malondialdehit
• glutatyon peroksidaz
• katalaz

Kaynakça

1. Achary VMM, Jena S, Panda KK, Panda BB. 2008. Aluminium induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in root cells of Allium cepa. L. Ecotox Environ Safe. 70(2):300-310. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.10.022
2. Aebi H. 1984. Catalase in vitro. Method Enzymol. 105:121-126. doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3
3. Almroth BC, Albertsson E, Sturve J, Förlin L. 2008. Oxidative stress, evident in antioxidant defences and damage products, in rainbow trout caged outside a sewage treatment plant. Ecotox Environ Safe. 70(3):370-378. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.01.023
4. Asri FÖ, Sönmez S, Çıtak S. 2007. Kadmiyumun çevre ve insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Derim. 24(1):32-39.
5. Bainy ACD, Arisi ACM, Azzalis LA, Simizu K, Barros SBM, Videla LA, Junqueira VBC. 1993. Differential effects of short‐term lindane administration on parameters related to oxidative stress in rat liver and erythrocytes. J Biochem Toxicol. 8(4):187-194. doi: 10.1002/jbt.2570080404
6. Ballesteros ML, Wunderlin DA, Bistoni MA. 2009. Oxidative stress responses in different organs of Jenynsia multidentata exposed to endosulfan. Ecotox Environ Safe. 72(1):199-205. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.01.008
7. Bat L, Akbulut M, Çulha M, Gündoğdu A, Satılmış HH. 2000. Effect of temperature on the toxicity of zinc, copper and lead to the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex pulex (L., 1758). Turkish Journal of Zoology. 24(4):409-416.
8. Bertin G, Averbeck D. 2006. Cadmium: cellular effects, modifications of biomolecules, modulation of DNA repair and genotoxic consequences (a review). Biochimie. 88(11):1549-1559. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.10.001

9. Beutler E. 1975. Red cell metabolism, a manual of biochemical methods. Grune Strottan, New York.
10. Brzóska MM, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J. 2001. Interactions between cadmium and zinc in the organism. Food Chem Toxicol. 39(10):967-980. doi: 10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00048-5
11. Chandran R, Sivakumar AA, Mohandass S, Aruchami M. 2005. Effect of cadmium and zinc on antioxidant enzyme activity in the gastropod, Achatina fulica. Comp Biochem Phys C. 140(3-4):422-426. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.04.007
12. Chelikani P, Fita I, Loewen PC. 2004. Diversity of structures and properties among catalases. Cell Mol Life Sci. 61(2):192-208. doi: 10.1007/s00018-003-3206-5
13. Cimen ICC, Danabas D, Ates M. 2020. Comparative effects of Cu (60–80 nm) and CuO (40 nm) nanoparticles in Artemia salina: Accumulation, elimination and oxidative stress. Sci Total Environ. 717:137230-137240. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137230
14. Crestani M, Menezes C, Glusczak L, dos Santos Miron D, Spanevello R, Silveira A, Gonçalves FF, Zanella R, Loro VL. 2007. Effect of clomazone herbicide on biochemical and histological aspects of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and recovery pattern. Chemosphere. 67(11):2305-2311. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.070
15. Dat J, Vandenabeele S, Vranová E, Van Montagu M, Inzé D, Van Breusegem F. 2000. Dual action of the active oxygen species during plant stress responses. Cell Mol Life Sci. 57:779-795. doi: 10.1007/s000180050041
16. Del Valls TA, Blasco J, Sarasquete MC, Forja JM, Gómez-Parra A. 1998. Evaluation of heavy metal sediment toxicity in littoral ecosystems using juveniles of the fish Sparus aurata. Ecotox Environ Safe. 41(2): 157-167. doi: 10.1006/eesa.1998.1680
17. Duffus, J. H. 1980. Environmental Toxicology. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. London.
18. Duman F, Kar M. 2015. Evaluation of effects of exposure conditions on the biological responses of Gammarus pulex exposed to cadmium. Int J Environ Sci Te. 12:437-444. doi: 10.1007/s13762-013-0425-7
19. Escobar JA, Rubio MA, Lissi EA. 1996. SOD and catalase inactivation by singlet oxygen and peroxyl radicals. Free Radical Bio Med. 20(3):285-290. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(95)02037-3
20. Felten V, Charmantier G, Mons R, Geffard A, Rousselle P, Coquery M, Garric J, Geffard O. 2008. Physiological and behavioural responses of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda) exposed to cadmium. Aquat Toxicol. 86 (3) :413-425. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.12.002
21. Gamble SC, Goldfarb PS, Porte C, Livingstone DR. 1995. Glutathione peroxidase and other antioxidant enzyme function in marine invertebrates (Mytilus edulis, Pecten maximus, Carcinus maenas and Asterias rubens). Mar Environ Res. 39 (1-4): 191-195. doi: 10.1016/0141-1136(94)00031-J
22. Glusczak L, dos Santos Miron D, Moraes BS, Simões RR, Schetinger MRC, Morsch VM, Loro VL. 2007. Acute effects of glyphosate herbicide on metabolic and enzymatic parameters of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Comp Biochem Phys C. 146(4):519-524. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.06.004
23. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. 2007. Free radicals in biology and medicine. New York: Oxford University Press 851 p.
24. Hasspieler BM, Behar JV, Carlson DB, Watson DE, Di Giulio RT. 1994. Susceptibility of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and brown bullhead (Ameriurus nebulosus) to oxidative stress: a comparative study. Aquat Toxicol. 28(1-2):53-64. doi: 10.1016/0166-445X(94)90020-5
25. Hermes-Lima M. 2004. Oxygen in biology and biochemistry: Role of free radicals. In: Storey KB, editor. Functional metabolism: regulation and adaptation. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 319-368.
26. Hu H. 2000. Exposure to metals. Primary care: clinics in office practice. 27(4):983-996. doi: 10.1016/S0095-4543(05)70185-8
27. Jemec A, Tisler T, Erjavec B, Pintar A. 2012. Antioxidant responses and whole-organism changes in Daphnia magna acutely and chronically exposed to endocrine disruptor bisphenol A. Ecotox Environ Safe. 86: 213-218. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.09.016
28. Karataş M. 2005. Balık biyolojisi araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları 498 p. [in Turkish]
29. Katalay S, Parlak H. 2002. Su Kirliliğinin, Gobius niger Linn., 1758 (Pisces: Gobiidae)'in Kan Parametreleri Üzerine Etkileri. Ege University Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 19(1-2):115-121.
30. Kayhan FE. 2006. Su Ürünlerinde Kadmiyumun Biyobirikimi ve Toksisitesi. Ege University Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 23(1-2):215-220.
31. Kono Y, Fridovich I. 1982. Inhibition of catalase by superoxide radicals. . J Biol Chem. 257:5751-5754.
32. Kutlu M, Susuz F. 2004. Effects of lead as an environmental pollutant on EROD enzyme in Gammarus pulex (L.) (Crustacea: Amphipoda). B Environ Contam Tox. 72(4): 750-755. doi: 10.1007/s00128-001-0308-1
33. Lowry OH, Rosenberough NJ, Farr AL, Randal RJ. 1951. Protein measurement with folinphenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 193(1):265-275.
34. Nasrolahi A, Pansch C, Lenz M, Wahl M. 2013.Temperature and salinity interactively impact early juvenile development: a bottle neck in barnacle ontogeny. Mar Biol. 160:1109-1117. doi: 10.1007/s00227-012-2162-8
35. Pandey S, Parvez S, Ansari RA, Ali M, Kaur M, Hayat F, Ahmad F, Raisuddin S. 2008. Effects of exposure to multiple trace metals on biochemical, histological and ultrastructural features of gills of a freshwater fish, Channa punctata Bloch. Chem-Biol Interact. 174(3):183-192. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.05.014
36. Piazza V, Gambardella C, Canepa S, Costa E, Faimali M, Garaventa F. 2016. Temperature and salinity effects on cadmium toxicity on lethal and sublethal responses of Amphibalanus amphitrite nauplii. Ecotox Environ Safe. 123:8-17. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.023
37. Placer ZA, Cushman L, Johnson BC. 1966. Estimation of products of lipid peroxidation (malonyl dialdehyde) in biological systems. Anal Biochem. 16(2):359-364. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(66)90167-9
38. Qiu JW, Qian PY. 1999. Tolerance of the barnacle Balanus Amphitrite amphitrite to salinity and temperature stress: effects of previous experience. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 188:123-132.
39. Rajeshkumar S, Mini J, Munuswamy N. 2013. Effects of heavy metals on antioxidants and expression of HSP70 in different tissues of Milk fish (Chanos chanos) of Kaattuppalli Island, Chennai, India. Ecotox Environ Safe. 98:8-18. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.07.029
40. Regoli F, Nigro M, Orlando E. 1998. Lysosomal and antioxidant responses to metals in the Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki. Aquat Toxicol. 40(4):375-392. doi: 10.1016/S0166-445X(97)00059-3
41. Regoli F, Frenzilli G, Bocchetti R, Annarumma F, ScarcelliV, Fattorini D, Nigro M. 2004. Time-course variations of oxyradical metabolism, DNA integrity and lysosomal stability in mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, during a field translocation experiment. Aquat Toxicol. 68(2):167-178. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.03.011
42. Ryter SW, Kim HP, Hoetzel A, Park JW, Nakahira K, Wang X, Choi AM. 2007. Mechanism of cell death in oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Sign. 9(1):49-89. doi: 10.1089/ars.2007.9.49
43. Sayeed I, Parvez S, Pandey S, Bin-Hafeez B, Haque R, Raisuddin S. 2003. Oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure to deltamethrin in freshwater fish, Channa punctatus Bloch. Ecotox Environ Safe. 56(2): 295-301. doi: 10.1016/S0147-6513(03)00009-5
44. Serdar O, Yildirim NC, Tatar S, Yildirim N, Ogedey A. 2018. Antioxidant biomarkers in Gammarus pulex to evaluate the efficiency of electrocoagulation process in landfill leachate treatment. Environ Sci Pollut R. 25(13):12538-12544. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-1491-7
45. Serdar O. 2019. The effect of dimethoate pesticide on some biochemical biomarkers in Gammarus pulex. Environ Sci Pollut R. 26(21): 21905-21914. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-04629-w
46. Serdar O, Aydın R, Çalta M. 2019a. The Evaluation in Different Temperature of Acute Toxic Effect of Cadmium on Gammarus pulex (Freshwater Amphipoda). Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences. 4(3): 366-370. doi: 10.35229/jaes.591384
47. Serdar O, Yıldırım NC, Tatar Ş, Yıldırım N. 2019b. Kurşuna Maruz Bırakılan Gammarus pulex’de Antioksidan Enzim Yanıtları. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences. 4(2):216-220. doi: 10.35229/jaes.571909
48. Sobjak TM, Romão S, do Nascimento CZ, dos Santos AFP, Vogel L, Guimarães ATB. 2017. Assessment of the oxidative and neurotoxic effects of glyphosate pesticide on the larvae of Rhamdia quelen fish. Chemosphere. 182:267-275. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.031
49. Sroda S, Cossu-Leguille C. 2011. Seasonal variability of antioxidant biomarkers and energy reserves in the freshwater gammarid Gammarus roeseli. Chemosphere. 83(4):538-544. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.023
50. Tatar S, Yildirim NC, Serdar O, Yildirim N, Ogedey A. 2018. The using of Gammarus pulex as a biomonitor in ecological risk assessment of secondary effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plant in Tunceli, Turkey. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 24(3):819-829. doi: 10.1080/10807039.2017.1400374
51. Taylan ZS, Özkoç HB. 2007. Potansiyel ağır metal kirliliğinin belirlenmesinde akuatik organizmaların biokullanılabilirliliği. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 9(2):17-33.
52. Thomas PC, Murthy TL. 1976. Studies on the impact of a few organic pesticides on certain fish enzymes. Indian J Anim Sci. 46(11):619-624.
53. Tsangaris C, Papathanasiou E, Cotou E. 2007. Assessment of the impact of heavy metal pollution from a ferro-nickel smelting plant using biomarkers. Ecotox Environ Safe. 66(2):232-243. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.03.011
54. Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M. 2006. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress induced cancer. Chem-Biol Interact. 160(1):1-40. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.12.009
55. Vellinger C, Gismondi E, Felten V, Rousselle P, Mehennaoui K, Parant M, Usseglio-Polatera P. 2013. Single and combined effects of cadmium and arsenate in Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda): understanding the links between physiological and behavioural responses. Aquat Toxicol. 140-141: 106-116. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.05.010
56. Waisberg M, Joseph P, Hale B, Beyersmann D. 2003. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicology. 192(2-3):95-117. doi: 10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00305-6
57. Yildirim NC, Tanyol M, Yildirim N, Serdar O, Tatar S. 2018. Biochemical responses of Gammarus pulex to malachite green solutions decolorized by Coriolus versicolor as a biosorbent under batch adsorption conditions optim ized with response surface methodology. Ecotox Environ Safe. 156:41-47. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.059
58. Yildirim NC, Tanyol M, Serdar O, Yildirim N. 2019. Gammarus pulex as a model organism to assess the residual toxicity of slaughterhouse wastewater treated by electrocoagulation process. B Environ Contam Tox. 103(3):447-452. doi: 10.1007/s00128-019-02666-2
59. Zauke GP. 1982. Cadmium in Gammaridae (Amphipoda: Crustacea) of the rivers Werra and Weser—II: Seasonal variation and correlation to temperature and other environmental variables. Water Res. 16(6): 785-792. doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(82)90005-7
60. Zhang J, Shen H, Wang X, Wu J, Xue Y. 2004. Effects of chronic exposure of 2, 4-dichlorophenol on the antioxidant system in liver of freshwater fish Carassius auratus. Chemosphere. 55(2):167-174. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.10.048
61. Zhang Y, Sun G, Yang M, Wu H, Zhang J, Song S, Ma E, Guo Y. 2011. Chronic accumulation of cadmium and its effects on antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde in Oxya chinensis (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Ecotox Environ Safe. 74(5):1355-1362. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.03.002