Teorik Makale
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Fenomenolojik Bakış Açısıyla Mimari Deneyim ve Bedenlenmiş Özne

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 171 - 187, 31.07.2025

Öz

Çevreyle çevrili bedensel bir varlık olan insan, hayatı boyunca dünyayla karşılaşıp onu deneyimliyor. Yani içerisinde varlığını sürdürdüğü doğal ve yapılı mekanlar ve kendisi arasında sürekli bir diyalog halindedir. Mimarlığın özünde yer alan ve zaman ve mekan kavramlarıyla yakından ilişkili olan bu deneyimlerin, bilinen ve bilinmeyen tüm yönleriyle teorik bir çerçevede ele alınması ve incelenmesi hiç şüphesiz denyimin karmaşık ve çok yönlü doğasını çözümlemeye ve kullanıcısına anlamlı bir deneyim yaşatan mekan tasarımına yardımcı olacaktır. Deneyim konusuna açıklık getirmeye çalışan bu çalışma, mimari deneyim ile bedenlenmiş özne arasındaki ilişkiyi derinlemesine incelemektedir. Bunun için başta deneyim kavramı ele alınarak deneyimin farklı iki türü olarak yaşanmış deneyim ve yaşam deneyiminden ve aradaki farktan söz edilmektedir. Mimari deneyimin hangi tür deneyimle örtüştüğü, bireyin mekanla kurduğu ilişkide hangi tür deneyimin neden ve nasıl ön plana çıktığı irdelenmektedir. Yazıda, mimari deneyimin, bireyin yapılı mekanda bulunarak birinci elden yaşadığı çift taraflı ve dinamik bir etkileşim olduğu ve bu etkileşimin geçmiş deneyimlerden ziyade anlık algılarla şekillendiği belirtilmektedir. Deneyimi yaşayan ve olayın kalbinde yer alan öznenin kişisel bakış açısı ve bedensel bir varlık olma durumundan yola çıkılarak mimari deneyimin iki temel özelliği öznellik ve bedensellik olarak ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmada öznel perspektifi ve bedensel algılarıyla şekillenen mimari deneyimin bağlantılı olduğu temel kavramların izi fenomenolojide özellikle bedeni algının merkezine yerleştiren Merleau-Ponty'nin çalışmalarında sürülmektedir. Yazının sonunda da Ponty’nin fenomenolojik yaklaşımından büyük ölçüde etkilenen mimar ve teorisyenlerden bir kaçı örnek olarak gösterilerek, temel teorik çalışmalarından ve ortaya koydukları ana kavramlardan söz edilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Auge, M. (1995). Non-places: Introduction to an anthropology of supermodernity. (J. Howe, Trans.). London, England: Verso. (Original work published 1992).
  • Behnke, E. A. (n.d.). Edmund Husserl: Phenomenology of embodiment. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://iep.utm.edu/husspemb/.
  • Blackburn, S. (2005). The Oxford dictionary of philosophy (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Burch, R. (1990). Phenomenology, lived experience: Taking a measure of the topic. Phenomenology + Pedagogy, 8(1), 130-160. doi:10.29173/pandp15137.
  • Carman, T. (2008). Merleau-Ponty. London, England: Routledge. Cevizci, A. (1999). Felsefe sözlüğü. İstanbul, Türkiye: Paradigma Yayınları.
  • Descartes, R. (2008). Meditations on first philosophy (M. Moriarty, Trans.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1641).
  • Dewey, J. (1980). Art as experience. New York, NY: Perigee Books.
  • Fakioğlu Bağcı, H. (2022). Dönüşümün imkânı olarak tecrübe: Dewey ve Gadamer’in bakış açılarıyla. Kaygı: Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 21(2), 644-669. doi:10.20981/kaygi.1134934.
  • Groat, L. & Wang, D. (2013). Architectural research methods (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • Holl, S. (2000). Parallax. New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press. Hubbard, P. & Kitchin, R. (2018). Mekan ve yer üzerine büyük düşünürler. İstanbul, Türkiye: Litera Yayıncılık.
  • Jay, M. (2004). Songs of experience: Modern American and European variations on a universal theme. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Liashenko, I. (2018). Wilhelm Dilthey: Understanding the human world. Philosophy and Cosmology, 20, 163-169. doi:10.29202/phil-cosm/20/16.
  • Manen, M. V. (1990). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy (2nd ed.). London, England: Routledge. Merleau-Ponty, M. (2005). Phenomenology of perception. (C. Smith, Trans.). London, England: Routledge. (Original work published 1945).
  • Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Experience. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/experience#word-history.
  • Online Etymology Dictionary. (n.d.). Experience. In etymonline.com dictionary. Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://www.etymonline.com/word/experience.
  • Pallasmaa, J. (2008). The eyes of the skin: Architecture and the senses (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • Pallasmaa, J. (2014). Space, place, and atmosphere: Peripheral perception in existential experience. In C. Borch, (Ed.), Architectural atmospheres: On the experience and politics of architecture (pp. 18-42). Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser.
  • Pallasmaa, J. (2018). Architecture as experience: The fusion of the world and the self. Architectural Research in Finland, 2(1), 9-17. Retrieved from https://journal.fi/architecturalresearchfinland/article/view/73188.
  • Perez-Gomez, A. (1983). Architecture and the crisis of modern science. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Norberg-Schulz, C. (1968). Intentions in architecture. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Rasmussen, S. E. (1964). Experiencing architecture. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Rabin, K. (2022). Defining embodiment. Trauma Research Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2024, from https://traumaresearchfoundation.org/defining-embodiment/.
  • Sauchelli, A. (2012). The structure and content of architectural experience: Scruton on architecture as art. Estetika, 49(1), 26-45. doi:10.33134/eeja.89.
  • Seamon, D., & Buttimer, A. (1980). The human experience of space and place. London, England: Croom Helm.
  • Seamon, D. (2023). Phenomenological perspectives on place, lifeworlds, and lived emplacement: The selected writings of David Seamon. London, England: Routledge.
  • Turkish Language Association Dictionaries. (n.d.). Deneyim. In sozluk.gov.tr dictionary. Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://sozluk.gov.tr/?ara=deneyim.
  • Tüzün, C. (2022). Erlebnis ve Erfahrung aralığındaki flâneur. International Social Sciences Studies Journal, 8(96), 1136-1140. doi:10.26449/sssj.3913.
  • Wong, J. F. (2012). The script of viscosity: The phenomenal experience in Steven Holl‘s museum architecture. Journal of Architecture, 17(2), 273–292. doi: 10.1080/13602365.2012.678646.
  • Zumthor, P. (1999). Thinking architecture. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser.
  • Zumthor, P. (2006). Atmospheres: Architectural environments, surrounding objects. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser.

Architectural Experience and the Embodied Subject: A Phenomenological Perspective

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 171 - 187, 31.07.2025

Öz

As a bodily being surrounded by the environment, humans encounter and experience the world. They are in a continuous dialogue with both the natural and built spaces in which they exist. Examining these experiences within a theoretical framework from all known and unknown dimensions undoubtedly aids in analyzing the complex and multifaceted nature of experience. It also supports the design of spaces that provide meaningful experiences for their users. This article, which seeks to clarify the notion of experience, delves into the relationship between architectural experience and the embodied subject. It first addresses the concept of experience, distinguishing between two types; lived experience and life experience, and discussing the differences between them. It explores which type of experience aligns with architectural experience and it also examines why and how certain types of experiences take precedence in the individual’s relationship with space. The article argues that architectural experience is a two-sided and dynamic interaction, directly encountered by the individual within the built environment, and that this interaction is shaped more by immediate perceptions than by past experiences. Focusing on the personal perspective of the subject, the article identifies subjectivity and embodiment as the two fundamental characteristics of architectural experience. The article traces these key concepts to phenomenology, particularly in the works of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, who places the body at the center of perception. Finally, the article discusses a few architects and theorists, heavily influenced by Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological approach, highlighting their key theoretical contributions and the core concepts they have developed.

Kaynakça

  • Auge, M. (1995). Non-places: Introduction to an anthropology of supermodernity. (J. Howe, Trans.). London, England: Verso. (Original work published 1992).
  • Behnke, E. A. (n.d.). Edmund Husserl: Phenomenology of embodiment. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://iep.utm.edu/husspemb/.
  • Blackburn, S. (2005). The Oxford dictionary of philosophy (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Burch, R. (1990). Phenomenology, lived experience: Taking a measure of the topic. Phenomenology + Pedagogy, 8(1), 130-160. doi:10.29173/pandp15137.
  • Carman, T. (2008). Merleau-Ponty. London, England: Routledge. Cevizci, A. (1999). Felsefe sözlüğü. İstanbul, Türkiye: Paradigma Yayınları.
  • Descartes, R. (2008). Meditations on first philosophy (M. Moriarty, Trans.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1641).
  • Dewey, J. (1980). Art as experience. New York, NY: Perigee Books.
  • Fakioğlu Bağcı, H. (2022). Dönüşümün imkânı olarak tecrübe: Dewey ve Gadamer’in bakış açılarıyla. Kaygı: Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 21(2), 644-669. doi:10.20981/kaygi.1134934.
  • Groat, L. & Wang, D. (2013). Architectural research methods (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • Holl, S. (2000). Parallax. New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press. Hubbard, P. & Kitchin, R. (2018). Mekan ve yer üzerine büyük düşünürler. İstanbul, Türkiye: Litera Yayıncılık.
  • Jay, M. (2004). Songs of experience: Modern American and European variations on a universal theme. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Liashenko, I. (2018). Wilhelm Dilthey: Understanding the human world. Philosophy and Cosmology, 20, 163-169. doi:10.29202/phil-cosm/20/16.
  • Manen, M. V. (1990). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy (2nd ed.). London, England: Routledge. Merleau-Ponty, M. (2005). Phenomenology of perception. (C. Smith, Trans.). London, England: Routledge. (Original work published 1945).
  • Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Experience. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/experience#word-history.
  • Online Etymology Dictionary. (n.d.). Experience. In etymonline.com dictionary. Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://www.etymonline.com/word/experience.
  • Pallasmaa, J. (2008). The eyes of the skin: Architecture and the senses (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • Pallasmaa, J. (2014). Space, place, and atmosphere: Peripheral perception in existential experience. In C. Borch, (Ed.), Architectural atmospheres: On the experience and politics of architecture (pp. 18-42). Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser.
  • Pallasmaa, J. (2018). Architecture as experience: The fusion of the world and the self. Architectural Research in Finland, 2(1), 9-17. Retrieved from https://journal.fi/architecturalresearchfinland/article/view/73188.
  • Perez-Gomez, A. (1983). Architecture and the crisis of modern science. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Norberg-Schulz, C. (1968). Intentions in architecture. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Rasmussen, S. E. (1964). Experiencing architecture. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Rabin, K. (2022). Defining embodiment. Trauma Research Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2024, from https://traumaresearchfoundation.org/defining-embodiment/.
  • Sauchelli, A. (2012). The structure and content of architectural experience: Scruton on architecture as art. Estetika, 49(1), 26-45. doi:10.33134/eeja.89.
  • Seamon, D., & Buttimer, A. (1980). The human experience of space and place. London, England: Croom Helm.
  • Seamon, D. (2023). Phenomenological perspectives on place, lifeworlds, and lived emplacement: The selected writings of David Seamon. London, England: Routledge.
  • Turkish Language Association Dictionaries. (n.d.). Deneyim. In sozluk.gov.tr dictionary. Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://sozluk.gov.tr/?ara=deneyim.
  • Tüzün, C. (2022). Erlebnis ve Erfahrung aralığındaki flâneur. International Social Sciences Studies Journal, 8(96), 1136-1140. doi:10.26449/sssj.3913.
  • Wong, J. F. (2012). The script of viscosity: The phenomenal experience in Steven Holl‘s museum architecture. Journal of Architecture, 17(2), 273–292. doi: 10.1080/13602365.2012.678646.
  • Zumthor, P. (1999). Thinking architecture. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser.
  • Zumthor, P. (2006). Atmospheres: Architectural environments, surrounding objects. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mimari Tarih, Teori ve Eleştiri
Bölüm Teorik Makale
Yazarlar

Faezeh Asadzadeh Bonabi 0009-0007-6309-9844

Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 24 Nisan 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Asadzadeh Bonabi, F. (2025). Architectural Experience and the Embodied Subject: A Phenomenological Perspective. Livenarch+ Journal, 2(2), 171-187.