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THE PRINCIPLE OF INTERDEPENDENCE IN THE GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION IN TRADEMARK LAW

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 31, 103 - 135, 22.01.2026

Öz

In determining the likelihood of confusion, the principle of interdependence represents the methodological framework of holistic assessment in trademark law. This principle requires that the visual, aural, and conceptual similarities between the signs, together with the similarity of the goods and services, be evaluated not in isolation but through their mutual interaction. Within this framework, a low degree of similarity between goods or services may be offset by a high degree of similarity between the signs, and conversely, a high degree of similarity between goods may balance a lower similarity between the signs. In this sense, interdependence performs both an offset and a balancing function. The offset function compensates for weaknesses among the relevant factors, whereas the balancing function prevents any single element of similarity from being given excessive weight. Distinctive strength does not serve as a determinative factor in this assessment but rather as a regulatory one that amplifies or diminishes the influence of the relevant elements. Strong marks tend to broaden the scope of protection, while weak marks are subject to a stricter threshold of examination. In this way, the principle of interdependence prevents an excessively broad or unduly narrow interpretation of the likelihood of confusion, ensuring methodological stability that aligns with the realistic perception of the average consumer.

Etik Beyan

There is no requirement of Ethics Committee Approval for this study.

Kaynakça

  • Anemaet L, ‘The Fairy Tale of the Average Consumer: Why We Should Not Rely on the Real Consumer When Assessing the Likelihood of Confusion’ (2020) 69(10) GRUR International 1008–1026
  • Anemaet L, ‘The Many Faces of the Average Consumer: Is It Really So Difficult to Assess Whether Two Stripes Are Similar to Three?’ (2020) 51 IIC 187
  • Arkan S, ‘Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu’nun 5.3. Maddesiyle İlgili Bazı Düşünceler’ (2017) 33(3) Banka ve Ticaret Hukuku Dergisi (BATİDER) 5
  • Arkan S, Marka Hukuku C.1(1.Bası AÜHF Yayınları 1997)
  • Arslan K, Marka Hukuku (2nd edn, Vedat Kitapçılık 2024)
  • Ayhan R, Çağlar H, Yıldız B and İmirlioğlu D, Sınai Mülkiyet Hukuku (1st edn, Adalet Yayınevi 2021)
  • Bainbridge D, Intellectual Property (6th edn, Longman 2007)
  • Balık İ and Bektaş İ, ‘Markanın Koruma Kapsamının Belirlenmesinde Ayırt Edicilik Gücünün Etkisi ve Tanınmış Markanın Zayıf Unsurunun Durumu – McDonald’s Kararları Yönünden Bir İnceleme’ (2019) 5(1) TFM 6
  • Beebe B, Germano R, Sprigman C.J and Steckel J H, ‘Consumer Uncertainty in Trademark Law: An Experimental Investigation’ (2023) 72(3) Emory Law Journal 489
  • Beebe B, ‘The Semiotic Analysis Of Trademark Law’ (2004)621 Ucla Law Review, 623
  • Beebe B, ‘An Empirical Study of the Multifactor Tests for Trademark Infringement’ (2006) 94 California Law Review 1581
  • Bently L, Sherman B, Gangjee D and Johnson P, Intellectual Property Law (4th edn, Oxford University Press 2014)
  • Bilge, M E, Ticari Ad ve İşaretler Arasında Karıştırılma Tehlikesi (Yetkin Yayınları 2014)
  • Bone R G, ‘Taking The Confusion Out Of “Likelihood Of Confusion Toward A More Sensible Approach To Trademark Infringement,’ (2012)106 (3) Northwestern University Law Review 1307
  • Bozbel S, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2015)
  • Bozgeyik H and Er S, ‘Yargıtay Kararları Işığında İlaç Markalarında Karıştırılma İhtimali’ (2024) 10(1) TFM 79
  • Bıçakcı B, ‘Karıştırılma Olasılığı İncelemesinde Karşılıklı Bağımlılık İlkesi’ (İPR Gezgini, 12 August 2022)
  • Callmann R, ‘Trade-Mark Infringement and Unfair Competition’ (1949) 14 Law and Contemporary Problems 185
  • Cengiz D, Türk Hukukunda İktibas veya İltibas Suretiyle Marka Hakkına Tecavüz(1. Bası, Beta Yayınevi 1995)
  • Cohen J T, Nispen C and Huydecoper T, European Trademark Law (Wolters Kluwer, Kluwer Law International 2010)
  • Çolak U, Türk Marka Hukuku (5.Bası, Oniki Levha Yayıncılık 2023)
  • Dirikkan H, Tanınmış Markanın Korunması (1st edn, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2003)
  • Eminoğlu C, ‘Marka Sahibinin Tekliği ilkesi ve Bu İlkenin Markanın Devri Bağlamında İncelenmesi (Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin 556 sayılı KHK’nin m. 16/5 Hükmünü İptal Eden Kararı Bağlamında Bir Değerlendirme’ (2016) 1 YBHD 229
  • Fhima I and Gangjee D S, The Confusion Test in European Trade Mark Law (Oxford University Press 2019)
  • Gielen C, ‘Harmonization of Trade Mark Law in Europe: The First Trade Mark Harmonization Directive of the European Council’ (1992) European Intellectual Property Review 266
  • Grynberg M, ‘Trademark Litigation as Consumer Conflict’ (2008) 83 NYU Law Review 60
  • Gün B, Marka Hukukunda Birlikte Var Olma (Yetkin Yayınları 2019)
  • Heymann L A, ‘Trademark Law and Consumer Constraints’ (2022) Faculty Publications, William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository 340
  • Johnson P, ‘Enhanced Distinctiveness and Why “Strong Marks” Are Causing Us All Confusion’ (2024) 55 IIC 185
  • Karasu R, Suluk C and Nal T, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (7th edn, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2023)
  • Kaye D M, ‘I’ll Be Your Mirror: Broadening the Concept of Trademark Joint Ownership to Reflect the Developing Collaborative Economy’ (2014) 44 Southwestern Law Review 59
  • Koch T R, ‘Own Your Mark: Trademark Law and the Likelihood of Confusion’ (2014) 505 Seton Hall Law, Student Works 1
  • Kur A and Senftleben M, European Trade Mark Law: A Commentary (1st edn, Oxford University Press 2017)
  • Kur A, ‘Trademark Functions in European Union Law’ (Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Research Paper No 6, 2019)
  • Ladas S P, Patents, Trademarks, and Related Rights: National and International Protection (Harvard University Press 1975)
  • Linford J, ‘The False Dichotomy Between Suggestive and Descriptive Trademarks’ (2015) 76 Ohio State Law Journal 1367
  • McKenna M P, ‘The Normative Foundations of Trademark Law’ (2007) 82(5) Notre Dame Law Review 1839
  • Nowak-Gruca A, ‘Consumer Protection Against Confusion in the Trademark Law’ (2018) 5(1) European Journal of Economics, Law and Politics 13
  • Phillips J, Trade Mark Law: A Practical Anatomy (OUP 2003) 23
  • Robinson W, Pratt G and Kelly R, ‘Trademark Law Harmonization in the European Union: Twenty Years Back and Forth’ (2013) 23 Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal 731–742
  • Roncaglia, PL and Sironi GE, ‘Trademark Functions and Protected Interests in the Decisions of the European Court of Justice’ (2011) 101 Trademark Reporter 147
  • Sakulin W, ‘Trademark Protection and Freedom of Expression: An Inquiry Into the Conflict Between Trademark Rights and Freedom of Expression under European, German, and Dutch Law’ (PhD thesis, Universiteit van Amsterdam 2010)
  • Sakulin, Wolfgang, Trademark protection and freedom of expression: an inquiry into the conflict between trademark rights and freedom of expression under European law. (1st edn, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn 2011)
  • Schechter F I, ‘The Rational Basis of Trademark Protection’ (1927) 40 Harvard Law Review 813
  • Schmidt K S H, ‘Likelihood of Confusion In European Trademarks, Where Are We Now’ (2002) 24(10) EIPR 463
  • Seville C, EU Intellectual Property Law and Policy (Edward Elgar Publishing 2009)
  • Suluk C, Fikri Mülkiyet Haklarının Koruma Kuvveti(1.Bası Seçkin Yayınları 2025)
  • Tekinalp Ü, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (5th edn, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2012)
  • Torremans P and Holyoak J, Intellectual Property Law (9th edn, Oxford University Press 2019)
  • Tritton G, Intellectual Property in Europe (1st edn, Sweet & Maxwell 1996)
  • Tushnet R, ‘Running the Gamut from A to B: Federal Trademark and False Advertising Law’ (2011) 159 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1305
  • Ulukapı Ö, ‘Marka Hukukunda Karıştırılma İhtimali’ (PhD thesis, Ankara University 2025)
  • Uzunallı S, ‘Marka Hukukunda Malların ve/veya Hizmetlerin Benzerliğinin Tespiti Sorunu’ in H Ercüment Erdem and Tolga Ayoğlu (eds), ‘Prof. Dr. Hamdi Yasaman’a Armağan’ (On İki Levha 2017) 675
  • Weatherall K, ‘The Consumer as the Empirical Measure of Trade Mark Law’ (2017) 80 Modern Law Review 57
  • Yasaman H, Ayoğlu T, Yusufoğlu Bilgin F, Kartal P M, Yüksel S H and Yasaman Z, Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu Şerhi (Seçkin Yayıncılık 2021)
  • Yasaman, H ,Yasaman Kökçü Z, ‘Kullanım Yoluyla Ayırt Edicilik Kazanan veya Kaybeden Markaların Koruma Kapsamı”, (2016) Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Yıllığı 2014 (Ed. Tekin Memiş) 393
  • Zixin S, ‘Confusion or Likelihood of Confusion?’ (Master’s Thesis, Uppsala University 2018)

Marka Hukukunda Karıştırılma İhtimalinin Bütünsel Değerlendirilmesinde Karşılıklı Bağımlılık İlkesi

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 31, 103 - 135, 22.01.2026

Öz

Karıştırılma ihtimalinin tespitinde karşılıklı bağımlılık (interdependence) ilkesi, marka hukukunda bütünsel değerlendirme analizinin metodolojisini gösteren bir ilkedir. İlke, işaretler arasındaki görsel, işitsel ve kavramsal benzerlik unsurlarıyla mal ve hizmet benzerliğinin birbirinden ayrılmadan, etkileşim içinde değerlendirilmesini gerektirir. Bu çerçevede, düşük düzeydeki mal veya hizmet benzerliği yüksek işaret benzerliğiyle telafi edilebilir; aynı şekilde, yüksek mal benzerliği düşük işaret benzerliğini dengeleyebilir. Interdependence bu yönüyle hem telafi edici hem de dengeleyici bir işlev görür. Telafi edici işlev, unsurlar arasındaki zayıflıkları giderirken; dengeleyici işlev, herhangi bir benzerlik unsurunun aşırı ağırlık kazanmasını önler. Ayırt edicilik gücü bu değerlendirmede belirleyici değil, unsurların etkisini artıran ya da azaltan bir düzenleyici unsur olarak rol oynar. Güçlü markalar koruma alanını genişletirken, zayıf markalar için daha sıkı bir inceleme eşiği aranır. Böylelikle interdependence, karıştırılma ihtimalinin aşırı geniş veya dar yorumlanmasını engelleyerek, tüketici algısını, kamu yararını ve rekabet serbestisini dengeleyen bir metodolojik istikrar sağlar.

Kaynakça

  • Anemaet L, ‘The Fairy Tale of the Average Consumer: Why We Should Not Rely on the Real Consumer When Assessing the Likelihood of Confusion’ (2020) 69(10) GRUR International 1008–1026
  • Anemaet L, ‘The Many Faces of the Average Consumer: Is It Really So Difficult to Assess Whether Two Stripes Are Similar to Three?’ (2020) 51 IIC 187
  • Arkan S, ‘Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu’nun 5.3. Maddesiyle İlgili Bazı Düşünceler’ (2017) 33(3) Banka ve Ticaret Hukuku Dergisi (BATİDER) 5
  • Arkan S, Marka Hukuku C.1(1.Bası AÜHF Yayınları 1997)
  • Arslan K, Marka Hukuku (2nd edn, Vedat Kitapçılık 2024)
  • Ayhan R, Çağlar H, Yıldız B and İmirlioğlu D, Sınai Mülkiyet Hukuku (1st edn, Adalet Yayınevi 2021)
  • Bainbridge D, Intellectual Property (6th edn, Longman 2007)
  • Balık İ and Bektaş İ, ‘Markanın Koruma Kapsamının Belirlenmesinde Ayırt Edicilik Gücünün Etkisi ve Tanınmış Markanın Zayıf Unsurunun Durumu – McDonald’s Kararları Yönünden Bir İnceleme’ (2019) 5(1) TFM 6
  • Beebe B, Germano R, Sprigman C.J and Steckel J H, ‘Consumer Uncertainty in Trademark Law: An Experimental Investigation’ (2023) 72(3) Emory Law Journal 489
  • Beebe B, ‘The Semiotic Analysis Of Trademark Law’ (2004)621 Ucla Law Review, 623
  • Beebe B, ‘An Empirical Study of the Multifactor Tests for Trademark Infringement’ (2006) 94 California Law Review 1581
  • Bently L, Sherman B, Gangjee D and Johnson P, Intellectual Property Law (4th edn, Oxford University Press 2014)
  • Bilge, M E, Ticari Ad ve İşaretler Arasında Karıştırılma Tehlikesi (Yetkin Yayınları 2014)
  • Bone R G, ‘Taking The Confusion Out Of “Likelihood Of Confusion Toward A More Sensible Approach To Trademark Infringement,’ (2012)106 (3) Northwestern University Law Review 1307
  • Bozbel S, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2015)
  • Bozgeyik H and Er S, ‘Yargıtay Kararları Işığında İlaç Markalarında Karıştırılma İhtimali’ (2024) 10(1) TFM 79
  • Bıçakcı B, ‘Karıştırılma Olasılığı İncelemesinde Karşılıklı Bağımlılık İlkesi’ (İPR Gezgini, 12 August 2022)
  • Callmann R, ‘Trade-Mark Infringement and Unfair Competition’ (1949) 14 Law and Contemporary Problems 185
  • Cengiz D, Türk Hukukunda İktibas veya İltibas Suretiyle Marka Hakkına Tecavüz(1. Bası, Beta Yayınevi 1995)
  • Cohen J T, Nispen C and Huydecoper T, European Trademark Law (Wolters Kluwer, Kluwer Law International 2010)
  • Çolak U, Türk Marka Hukuku (5.Bası, Oniki Levha Yayıncılık 2023)
  • Dirikkan H, Tanınmış Markanın Korunması (1st edn, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2003)
  • Eminoğlu C, ‘Marka Sahibinin Tekliği ilkesi ve Bu İlkenin Markanın Devri Bağlamında İncelenmesi (Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin 556 sayılı KHK’nin m. 16/5 Hükmünü İptal Eden Kararı Bağlamında Bir Değerlendirme’ (2016) 1 YBHD 229
  • Fhima I and Gangjee D S, The Confusion Test in European Trade Mark Law (Oxford University Press 2019)
  • Gielen C, ‘Harmonization of Trade Mark Law in Europe: The First Trade Mark Harmonization Directive of the European Council’ (1992) European Intellectual Property Review 266
  • Grynberg M, ‘Trademark Litigation as Consumer Conflict’ (2008) 83 NYU Law Review 60
  • Gün B, Marka Hukukunda Birlikte Var Olma (Yetkin Yayınları 2019)
  • Heymann L A, ‘Trademark Law and Consumer Constraints’ (2022) Faculty Publications, William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository 340
  • Johnson P, ‘Enhanced Distinctiveness and Why “Strong Marks” Are Causing Us All Confusion’ (2024) 55 IIC 185
  • Karasu R, Suluk C and Nal T, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (7th edn, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2023)
  • Kaye D M, ‘I’ll Be Your Mirror: Broadening the Concept of Trademark Joint Ownership to Reflect the Developing Collaborative Economy’ (2014) 44 Southwestern Law Review 59
  • Koch T R, ‘Own Your Mark: Trademark Law and the Likelihood of Confusion’ (2014) 505 Seton Hall Law, Student Works 1
  • Kur A and Senftleben M, European Trade Mark Law: A Commentary (1st edn, Oxford University Press 2017)
  • Kur A, ‘Trademark Functions in European Union Law’ (Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Research Paper No 6, 2019)
  • Ladas S P, Patents, Trademarks, and Related Rights: National and International Protection (Harvard University Press 1975)
  • Linford J, ‘The False Dichotomy Between Suggestive and Descriptive Trademarks’ (2015) 76 Ohio State Law Journal 1367
  • McKenna M P, ‘The Normative Foundations of Trademark Law’ (2007) 82(5) Notre Dame Law Review 1839
  • Nowak-Gruca A, ‘Consumer Protection Against Confusion in the Trademark Law’ (2018) 5(1) European Journal of Economics, Law and Politics 13
  • Phillips J, Trade Mark Law: A Practical Anatomy (OUP 2003) 23
  • Robinson W, Pratt G and Kelly R, ‘Trademark Law Harmonization in the European Union: Twenty Years Back and Forth’ (2013) 23 Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal 731–742
  • Roncaglia, PL and Sironi GE, ‘Trademark Functions and Protected Interests in the Decisions of the European Court of Justice’ (2011) 101 Trademark Reporter 147
  • Sakulin W, ‘Trademark Protection and Freedom of Expression: An Inquiry Into the Conflict Between Trademark Rights and Freedom of Expression under European, German, and Dutch Law’ (PhD thesis, Universiteit van Amsterdam 2010)
  • Sakulin, Wolfgang, Trademark protection and freedom of expression: an inquiry into the conflict between trademark rights and freedom of expression under European law. (1st edn, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn 2011)
  • Schechter F I, ‘The Rational Basis of Trademark Protection’ (1927) 40 Harvard Law Review 813
  • Schmidt K S H, ‘Likelihood of Confusion In European Trademarks, Where Are We Now’ (2002) 24(10) EIPR 463
  • Seville C, EU Intellectual Property Law and Policy (Edward Elgar Publishing 2009)
  • Suluk C, Fikri Mülkiyet Haklarının Koruma Kuvveti(1.Bası Seçkin Yayınları 2025)
  • Tekinalp Ü, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (5th edn, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2012)
  • Torremans P and Holyoak J, Intellectual Property Law (9th edn, Oxford University Press 2019)
  • Tritton G, Intellectual Property in Europe (1st edn, Sweet & Maxwell 1996)
  • Tushnet R, ‘Running the Gamut from A to B: Federal Trademark and False Advertising Law’ (2011) 159 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1305
  • Ulukapı Ö, ‘Marka Hukukunda Karıştırılma İhtimali’ (PhD thesis, Ankara University 2025)
  • Uzunallı S, ‘Marka Hukukunda Malların ve/veya Hizmetlerin Benzerliğinin Tespiti Sorunu’ in H Ercüment Erdem and Tolga Ayoğlu (eds), ‘Prof. Dr. Hamdi Yasaman’a Armağan’ (On İki Levha 2017) 675
  • Weatherall K, ‘The Consumer as the Empirical Measure of Trade Mark Law’ (2017) 80 Modern Law Review 57
  • Yasaman H, Ayoğlu T, Yusufoğlu Bilgin F, Kartal P M, Yüksel S H and Yasaman Z, Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu Şerhi (Seçkin Yayıncılık 2021)
  • Yasaman, H ,Yasaman Kökçü Z, ‘Kullanım Yoluyla Ayırt Edicilik Kazanan veya Kaybeden Markaların Koruma Kapsamı”, (2016) Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Yıllığı 2014 (Ed. Tekin Memiş) 393
  • Zixin S, ‘Confusion or Likelihood of Confusion?’ (Master’s Thesis, Uppsala University 2018)

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 31, 103 - 135, 22.01.2026

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Anemaet L, ‘The Fairy Tale of the Average Consumer: Why We Should Not Rely on the Real Consumer When Assessing the Likelihood of Confusion’ (2020) 69(10) GRUR International 1008–1026
  • Anemaet L, ‘The Many Faces of the Average Consumer: Is It Really So Difficult to Assess Whether Two Stripes Are Similar to Three?’ (2020) 51 IIC 187
  • Arkan S, ‘Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu’nun 5.3. Maddesiyle İlgili Bazı Düşünceler’ (2017) 33(3) Banka ve Ticaret Hukuku Dergisi (BATİDER) 5
  • Arkan S, Marka Hukuku C.1(1.Bası AÜHF Yayınları 1997)
  • Arslan K, Marka Hukuku (2nd edn, Vedat Kitapçılık 2024)
  • Ayhan R, Çağlar H, Yıldız B and İmirlioğlu D, Sınai Mülkiyet Hukuku (1st edn, Adalet Yayınevi 2021)
  • Bainbridge D, Intellectual Property (6th edn, Longman 2007)
  • Balık İ and Bektaş İ, ‘Markanın Koruma Kapsamının Belirlenmesinde Ayırt Edicilik Gücünün Etkisi ve Tanınmış Markanın Zayıf Unsurunun Durumu – McDonald’s Kararları Yönünden Bir İnceleme’ (2019) 5(1) TFM 6
  • Beebe B, Germano R, Sprigman C.J and Steckel J H, ‘Consumer Uncertainty in Trademark Law: An Experimental Investigation’ (2023) 72(3) Emory Law Journal 489
  • Beebe B, ‘The Semiotic Analysis Of Trademark Law’ (2004)621 Ucla Law Review, 623
  • Beebe B, ‘An Empirical Study of the Multifactor Tests for Trademark Infringement’ (2006) 94 California Law Review 1581
  • Bently L, Sherman B, Gangjee D and Johnson P, Intellectual Property Law (4th edn, Oxford University Press 2014)
  • Bilge, M E, Ticari Ad ve İşaretler Arasında Karıştırılma Tehlikesi (Yetkin Yayınları 2014)
  • Bone R G, ‘Taking The Confusion Out Of “Likelihood Of Confusion Toward A More Sensible Approach To Trademark Infringement,’ (2012)106 (3) Northwestern University Law Review 1307
  • Bozbel S, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2015)
  • Bozgeyik H and Er S, ‘Yargıtay Kararları Işığında İlaç Markalarında Karıştırılma İhtimali’ (2024) 10(1) TFM 79
  • Bıçakcı B, ‘Karıştırılma Olasılığı İncelemesinde Karşılıklı Bağımlılık İlkesi’ (İPR Gezgini, 12 August 2022)
  • Callmann R, ‘Trade-Mark Infringement and Unfair Competition’ (1949) 14 Law and Contemporary Problems 185
  • Cengiz D, Türk Hukukunda İktibas veya İltibas Suretiyle Marka Hakkına Tecavüz(1. Bası, Beta Yayınevi 1995)
  • Cohen J T, Nispen C and Huydecoper T, European Trademark Law (Wolters Kluwer, Kluwer Law International 2010)
  • Çolak U, Türk Marka Hukuku (5.Bası, Oniki Levha Yayıncılık 2023)
  • Dirikkan H, Tanınmış Markanın Korunması (1st edn, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2003)
  • Eminoğlu C, ‘Marka Sahibinin Tekliği ilkesi ve Bu İlkenin Markanın Devri Bağlamında İncelenmesi (Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin 556 sayılı KHK’nin m. 16/5 Hükmünü İptal Eden Kararı Bağlamında Bir Değerlendirme’ (2016) 1 YBHD 229
  • Fhima I and Gangjee D S, The Confusion Test in European Trade Mark Law (Oxford University Press 2019)
  • Gielen C, ‘Harmonization of Trade Mark Law in Europe: The First Trade Mark Harmonization Directive of the European Council’ (1992) European Intellectual Property Review 266
  • Grynberg M, ‘Trademark Litigation as Consumer Conflict’ (2008) 83 NYU Law Review 60
  • Gün B, Marka Hukukunda Birlikte Var Olma (Yetkin Yayınları 2019)
  • Heymann L A, ‘Trademark Law and Consumer Constraints’ (2022) Faculty Publications, William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository 340
  • Johnson P, ‘Enhanced Distinctiveness and Why “Strong Marks” Are Causing Us All Confusion’ (2024) 55 IIC 185
  • Karasu R, Suluk C and Nal T, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (7th edn, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2023)
  • Kaye D M, ‘I’ll Be Your Mirror: Broadening the Concept of Trademark Joint Ownership to Reflect the Developing Collaborative Economy’ (2014) 44 Southwestern Law Review 59
  • Koch T R, ‘Own Your Mark: Trademark Law and the Likelihood of Confusion’ (2014) 505 Seton Hall Law, Student Works 1
  • Kur A and Senftleben M, European Trade Mark Law: A Commentary (1st edn, Oxford University Press 2017)
  • Kur A, ‘Trademark Functions in European Union Law’ (Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Research Paper No 6, 2019)
  • Ladas S P, Patents, Trademarks, and Related Rights: National and International Protection (Harvard University Press 1975)
  • Linford J, ‘The False Dichotomy Between Suggestive and Descriptive Trademarks’ (2015) 76 Ohio State Law Journal 1367
  • McKenna M P, ‘The Normative Foundations of Trademark Law’ (2007) 82(5) Notre Dame Law Review 1839
  • Nowak-Gruca A, ‘Consumer Protection Against Confusion in the Trademark Law’ (2018) 5(1) European Journal of Economics, Law and Politics 13
  • Phillips J, Trade Mark Law: A Practical Anatomy (OUP 2003) 23
  • Robinson W, Pratt G and Kelly R, ‘Trademark Law Harmonization in the European Union: Twenty Years Back and Forth’ (2013) 23 Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal 731–742
  • Roncaglia, PL and Sironi GE, ‘Trademark Functions and Protected Interests in the Decisions of the European Court of Justice’ (2011) 101 Trademark Reporter 147
  • Sakulin W, ‘Trademark Protection and Freedom of Expression: An Inquiry Into the Conflict Between Trademark Rights and Freedom of Expression under European, German, and Dutch Law’ (PhD thesis, Universiteit van Amsterdam 2010)
  • Sakulin, Wolfgang, Trademark protection and freedom of expression: an inquiry into the conflict between trademark rights and freedom of expression under European law. (1st edn, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn 2011)
  • Schechter F I, ‘The Rational Basis of Trademark Protection’ (1927) 40 Harvard Law Review 813
  • Schmidt K S H, ‘Likelihood of Confusion In European Trademarks, Where Are We Now’ (2002) 24(10) EIPR 463
  • Seville C, EU Intellectual Property Law and Policy (Edward Elgar Publishing 2009)
  • Suluk C, Fikri Mülkiyet Haklarının Koruma Kuvveti(1.Bası Seçkin Yayınları 2025)
  • Tekinalp Ü, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (5th edn, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2012)
  • Torremans P and Holyoak J, Intellectual Property Law (9th edn, Oxford University Press 2019)
  • Tritton G, Intellectual Property in Europe (1st edn, Sweet & Maxwell 1996)
  • Tushnet R, ‘Running the Gamut from A to B: Federal Trademark and False Advertising Law’ (2011) 159 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1305
  • Ulukapı Ö, ‘Marka Hukukunda Karıştırılma İhtimali’ (PhD thesis, Ankara University 2025)
  • Uzunallı S, ‘Marka Hukukunda Malların ve/veya Hizmetlerin Benzerliğinin Tespiti Sorunu’ in H Ercüment Erdem and Tolga Ayoğlu (eds), ‘Prof. Dr. Hamdi Yasaman’a Armağan’ (On İki Levha 2017) 675
  • Weatherall K, ‘The Consumer as the Empirical Measure of Trade Mark Law’ (2017) 80 Modern Law Review 57
  • Yasaman H, Ayoğlu T, Yusufoğlu Bilgin F, Kartal P M, Yüksel S H and Yasaman Z, Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu Şerhi (Seçkin Yayıncılık 2021)
  • Yasaman, H ,Yasaman Kökçü Z, ‘Kullanım Yoluyla Ayırt Edicilik Kazanan veya Kaybeden Markaların Koruma Kapsamı”, (2016) Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Yıllığı 2014 (Ed. Tekin Memiş) 393
  • Zixin S, ‘Confusion or Likelihood of Confusion?’ (Master’s Thesis, Uppsala University 2018)

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 31, 103 - 135, 22.01.2026

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Anemaet L, ‘The Fairy Tale of the Average Consumer: Why We Should Not Rely on the Real Consumer When Assessing the Likelihood of Confusion’ (2020) 69(10) GRUR International 1008–1026
  • Anemaet L, ‘The Many Faces of the Average Consumer: Is It Really So Difficult to Assess Whether Two Stripes Are Similar to Three?’ (2020) 51 IIC 187
  • Arkan S, ‘Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu’nun 5.3. Maddesiyle İlgili Bazı Düşünceler’ (2017) 33(3) Banka ve Ticaret Hukuku Dergisi (BATİDER) 5
  • Arkan S, Marka Hukuku C.1(1.Bası AÜHF Yayınları 1997)
  • Arslan K, Marka Hukuku (2nd edn, Vedat Kitapçılık 2024)
  • Ayhan R, Çağlar H, Yıldız B and İmirlioğlu D, Sınai Mülkiyet Hukuku (1st edn, Adalet Yayınevi 2021)
  • Bainbridge D, Intellectual Property (6th edn, Longman 2007)
  • Balık İ and Bektaş İ, ‘Markanın Koruma Kapsamının Belirlenmesinde Ayırt Edicilik Gücünün Etkisi ve Tanınmış Markanın Zayıf Unsurunun Durumu – McDonald’s Kararları Yönünden Bir İnceleme’ (2019) 5(1) TFM 6
  • Beebe B, Germano R, Sprigman C.J and Steckel J H, ‘Consumer Uncertainty in Trademark Law: An Experimental Investigation’ (2023) 72(3) Emory Law Journal 489
  • Beebe B, ‘The Semiotic Analysis Of Trademark Law’ (2004)621 Ucla Law Review, 623
  • Beebe B, ‘An Empirical Study of the Multifactor Tests for Trademark Infringement’ (2006) 94 California Law Review 1581
  • Bently L, Sherman B, Gangjee D and Johnson P, Intellectual Property Law (4th edn, Oxford University Press 2014)
  • Bilge, M E, Ticari Ad ve İşaretler Arasında Karıştırılma Tehlikesi (Yetkin Yayınları 2014)
  • Bone R G, ‘Taking The Confusion Out Of “Likelihood Of Confusion Toward A More Sensible Approach To Trademark Infringement,’ (2012)106 (3) Northwestern University Law Review 1307
  • Bozbel S, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2015)
  • Bozgeyik H and Er S, ‘Yargıtay Kararları Işığında İlaç Markalarında Karıştırılma İhtimali’ (2024) 10(1) TFM 79
  • Bıçakcı B, ‘Karıştırılma Olasılığı İncelemesinde Karşılıklı Bağımlılık İlkesi’ (İPR Gezgini, 12 August 2022)
  • Callmann R, ‘Trade-Mark Infringement and Unfair Competition’ (1949) 14 Law and Contemporary Problems 185
  • Cengiz D, Türk Hukukunda İktibas veya İltibas Suretiyle Marka Hakkına Tecavüz(1. Bası, Beta Yayınevi 1995)
  • Cohen J T, Nispen C and Huydecoper T, European Trademark Law (Wolters Kluwer, Kluwer Law International 2010)
  • Çolak U, Türk Marka Hukuku (5.Bası, Oniki Levha Yayıncılık 2023)
  • Dirikkan H, Tanınmış Markanın Korunması (1st edn, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2003)
  • Eminoğlu C, ‘Marka Sahibinin Tekliği ilkesi ve Bu İlkenin Markanın Devri Bağlamında İncelenmesi (Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin 556 sayılı KHK’nin m. 16/5 Hükmünü İptal Eden Kararı Bağlamında Bir Değerlendirme’ (2016) 1 YBHD 229
  • Fhima I and Gangjee D S, The Confusion Test in European Trade Mark Law (Oxford University Press 2019)
  • Gielen C, ‘Harmonization of Trade Mark Law in Europe: The First Trade Mark Harmonization Directive of the European Council’ (1992) European Intellectual Property Review 266
  • Grynberg M, ‘Trademark Litigation as Consumer Conflict’ (2008) 83 NYU Law Review 60
  • Gün B, Marka Hukukunda Birlikte Var Olma (Yetkin Yayınları 2019)
  • Heymann L A, ‘Trademark Law and Consumer Constraints’ (2022) Faculty Publications, William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository 340
  • Johnson P, ‘Enhanced Distinctiveness and Why “Strong Marks” Are Causing Us All Confusion’ (2024) 55 IIC 185
  • Karasu R, Suluk C and Nal T, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (7th edn, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2023)
  • Kaye D M, ‘I’ll Be Your Mirror: Broadening the Concept of Trademark Joint Ownership to Reflect the Developing Collaborative Economy’ (2014) 44 Southwestern Law Review 59
  • Koch T R, ‘Own Your Mark: Trademark Law and the Likelihood of Confusion’ (2014) 505 Seton Hall Law, Student Works 1
  • Kur A and Senftleben M, European Trade Mark Law: A Commentary (1st edn, Oxford University Press 2017)
  • Kur A, ‘Trademark Functions in European Union Law’ (Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Research Paper No 6, 2019)
  • Ladas S P, Patents, Trademarks, and Related Rights: National and International Protection (Harvard University Press 1975)
  • Linford J, ‘The False Dichotomy Between Suggestive and Descriptive Trademarks’ (2015) 76 Ohio State Law Journal 1367
  • McKenna M P, ‘The Normative Foundations of Trademark Law’ (2007) 82(5) Notre Dame Law Review 1839
  • Nowak-Gruca A, ‘Consumer Protection Against Confusion in the Trademark Law’ (2018) 5(1) European Journal of Economics, Law and Politics 13
  • Phillips J, Trade Mark Law: A Practical Anatomy (OUP 2003) 23
  • Robinson W, Pratt G and Kelly R, ‘Trademark Law Harmonization in the European Union: Twenty Years Back and Forth’ (2013) 23 Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal 731–742
  • Roncaglia, PL and Sironi GE, ‘Trademark Functions and Protected Interests in the Decisions of the European Court of Justice’ (2011) 101 Trademark Reporter 147
  • Sakulin W, ‘Trademark Protection and Freedom of Expression: An Inquiry Into the Conflict Between Trademark Rights and Freedom of Expression under European, German, and Dutch Law’ (PhD thesis, Universiteit van Amsterdam 2010)
  • Sakulin, Wolfgang, Trademark protection and freedom of expression: an inquiry into the conflict between trademark rights and freedom of expression under European law. (1st edn, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn 2011)
  • Schechter F I, ‘The Rational Basis of Trademark Protection’ (1927) 40 Harvard Law Review 813
  • Schmidt K S H, ‘Likelihood of Confusion In European Trademarks, Where Are We Now’ (2002) 24(10) EIPR 463
  • Seville C, EU Intellectual Property Law and Policy (Edward Elgar Publishing 2009)
  • Suluk C, Fikri Mülkiyet Haklarının Koruma Kuvveti(1.Bası Seçkin Yayınları 2025)
  • Tekinalp Ü, Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (5th edn, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2012)
  • Torremans P and Holyoak J, Intellectual Property Law (9th edn, Oxford University Press 2019)
  • Tritton G, Intellectual Property in Europe (1st edn, Sweet & Maxwell 1996)
  • Tushnet R, ‘Running the Gamut from A to B: Federal Trademark and False Advertising Law’ (2011) 159 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1305
  • Ulukapı Ö, ‘Marka Hukukunda Karıştırılma İhtimali’ (PhD thesis, Ankara University 2025)
  • Uzunallı S, ‘Marka Hukukunda Malların ve/veya Hizmetlerin Benzerliğinin Tespiti Sorunu’ in H Ercüment Erdem and Tolga Ayoğlu (eds), ‘Prof. Dr. Hamdi Yasaman’a Armağan’ (On İki Levha 2017) 675
  • Weatherall K, ‘The Consumer as the Empirical Measure of Trade Mark Law’ (2017) 80 Modern Law Review 57
  • Yasaman H, Ayoğlu T, Yusufoğlu Bilgin F, Kartal P M, Yüksel S H and Yasaman Z, Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu Şerhi (Seçkin Yayıncılık 2021)
  • Yasaman, H ,Yasaman Kökçü Z, ‘Kullanım Yoluyla Ayırt Edicilik Kazanan veya Kaybeden Markaların Koruma Kapsamı”, (2016) Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Yıllığı 2014 (Ed. Tekin Memiş) 393
  • Zixin S, ‘Confusion or Likelihood of Confusion?’ (Master’s Thesis, Uppsala University 2018)
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hukuk (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Murat Cangül 0000-0002-3246-8762

Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Kasım 2025
Kabul Tarihi 13 Ocak 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Sayı: 31

Kaynak Göster

APA Cangül, M. (2026). THE PRINCIPLE OF INTERDEPENDENCE IN THE GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION IN TRADEMARK LAW. Law and Justice Review(31), 103-135.