EU SOCIAL POLICY UNDER PRESSURE: CRISES, COURT DECISIONS AND NEW LABOUR MARKET REALITIES

Öz

The member states of the European Union have adopted the principle of free movement of workers to promote economic integration and achieve the single market. This principle has been supported by various regulations throughout history, yet it has been tested by global crises, technological changes, political transformations, and unforeseen events such as the pandemic. This study examines the agreements and frameworks developed from the Treaty of Rome to the present from the perspective of EU social policy and labor law, highlighting the vulnerability of systems during crises, their capacity to recover, and the need for reforms. The emergence of new job types, the spread of flexible work models, and the rise of the platform economy have introduced uncertainties in the labor market. Furthermore, in light of European Court of Justice rulings, the study explores the boundaries of free movement, collective action, and the right to strike, examining the delicate balance between fundamental rights and economic freedoms, as well as the interaction between long-term social policy goals and economic integration, pointing to the need for future reforms.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• European Union
• Social Policy
• Freedom of Movement of Workers
• CJEU Case Law
• EU Integration.

AB SOSYAL POLİTİKASI: KRİZLER, MAHKEME KARARLARI VE YENİ İŞGÜCÜ PİYASASI GERÇEKLİKLERİ

Öz

Avrupa Birliği üye devletleri, ekonomik bütünleşmeyi ilerletmek ve tek pazar hedefini gerçekleştirmek için işçilerin serbest dolaşımı ilkesini benimsemiştir. Bu ilke, tarih boyunca farklı düzenlemelerle desteklenmiş, ancak küresel krizler, teknolojik değişimler, siyasi dönüşümler ve pandemi gibi beklenmedik olaylarla sınanmıştır. Çalışmada, AB sosyal politikası ve iş hukuku perspektifi çerçevesinde, Roma Anlaşması’ndan günümüze kadar geliştirilen anlaşmalar ve mutabakatlar ele alınmış; özellikle kriz dönemlerinde sistemlerin kırılganlığı, toparlanma kapasitesi ve reform gerekliliği üzerinde durulmuştur. Yeni iş tanımlarının ortaya çıkışı, esnek çalışma modellerinin yaygınlaşması ve platform ekonomisinin yükselişi, iş gücü piyasasında belirsizlikler yaratmıştır. Ayrıca, Avrupa Adalet Divanı kararları ışığında, işçilerin serbest dolaşımı ile toplu eylem ve grev haklarının sınırları, temel haklar ve ekonomik özgürlükler arasındaki hassas denge incelenmiş; AB sosyal politikalarının uzun vadeli hedefleri ile ekonomik bütünleşme arasındaki etkileşim ve geleceğe dönük reform ihtiyaçları değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avrupa Birliği
• Sosyal Politika
• İşçilerin Serbest Dolaşım Özgürlüğü
• ABAD İçtihat Hukuku
• AB Entegrasyonu.

EU-Sozialpolitik: Krisen, Gerichtsentscheidungen und neue Realitäten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt

Öz

Die Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union haben den Grundsatz der Freizügigkeit der Arbeitnehmer übernommen, um die wirtschaftliche Integration zu fördern und den Binnenmarkt zu verwirklichen. Dieser Grundsatz wurde im Laufe der Geschichte durch verschiedene Regelungen gestützt, jedoch durch globale Krisen, technologische Veränderungen, politische Umbrüche und unvorhergesehene Ereignisse wie die Pandemie auf die Probe gestellt. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die seit den Römischen Verträgen bis heute entwickelten Abkommen und Rahmenbedingungen aus der Perspektive der EU-Sozialpolitik und des Arbeitsrechts. Dabei werden die Anfälligkeit der Systeme in Krisenzeiten, ihre Erholungsfähigkeit und der Reformbedarf hervorgehoben. Das Entstehen neuer Berufsfelder, die Verbreitung flexibler Arbeitsmodelle und der Aufstieg der Plattformökonomie haben zu Unsicherheiten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt geführt. Darüber hinaus untersucht die Studie im Lichte der Urteile des Europäischen Gerichtshofs die Grenzen der Freizügigkeit, des kollektiven Handelns und des Streikrechts. Sie analysiert das sensible Gleichgewicht zwischen Grundrechten und wirtschaftlichen Freiheiten sowie die Wechselwirkungen zwischen langfristigen sozialpolitischen Zielen und wirtschaftlicher Integration und verdeutlicht den Reformbedarf.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Europäische Union
• Sozialpolitik
• Freizügigkeit der Arbeitnehmer
• Rechtsprechung des EuGH
• EU-Integration.

Union européenne, politique sociale, liberté de circulation des travailleurs, jurisprudence de la CJUE, intégration européenne.

Öz

Les États membres de l'Union européenne ont adopté le principe de la libre circulation des travailleurs afin de promouvoir l'intégration économique et de réaliser le marché unique. Ce principe, soutenu par diverses réglementations au fil du temps, a été mis à l'épreuve par des crises mondiales, des mutations technologiques, des transformations politiques et des événements imprévus tels que la pandémie. Cette étude examine les accords et les cadres développés depuis le traité de Rome jusqu'à nos jours, du point de vue de la politique sociale et du droit du travail de l'UE. Elle met en lumière la vulnérabilité des systèmes en période de crise, leur capacité de redressement et la nécessité de réformes. L'émergence de nouvelles catégories d'emplois, la généralisation du travail flexible et l'essor de l'économie des plateformes ont engendré des incertitudes sur le marché du travail. Par ailleurs, à la lumière des arrêts de la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne, l'étude explore les limites de la libre circulation, de l'action collective et du droit de grève. Elle examine l'équilibre délicat entre droits fondamentaux et libertés économiques, ainsi que l'interaction entre les objectifs de politique sociale à long terme et l'intégration économique, soulignant ainsi la nécessité de réformes futures.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Union européenne
• politique sociale
• liberté de circulation des travailleurs
• jurisprudence de la CJUE
• intégration européenne.

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