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AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT OF HEAD OF STATE IMMUNITY IN THE POST-WESTPHALIAN WORLD ORDER

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 25, 107 - 136, 15.01.2023

Öz

In the era of globalization, the Westphalian concept of state sovereignty is eroding. Although still the sole creator of international law, sovereign states are not the sole actors or subjects of international law anymore. The subjects now include individuals as well as non-state actors. As Westphalian sovereignty is considerably affected by the changes in the world order, inevitably, the privileges derived from it would also be affected. One focus point to observe such influence is the concept of ‘The Head of State Immunity’ which is derived from the immunity granted to states on the basis that equals do not have authority over one another. However, the new dynamics of the international order are more concerned with ending impunity rather than the preservation of jurisdictional immunity, particularly for international crimes. However, despite all the measures taken, it is still difficult to claim that the immunity of the head of state has been entirely abolished. This article analyzes the concept of immunity of the head of state in light of changes in the Post-Westphalian era.

Kaynakça

  • Badescu C, Humanitarian Intervention And The Responsibility To Protect: Security And Human Rights (Routledge 2010)
  • Bianchi A, State Responsibility And Criminal Liability Of Individuals (2009) in Cassese A. (eds), The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice, (Oxford University Press 2009)
  • Brown B, Research Handbook On International Criminal Law (Edward Elgar 2012)
  • Cassese A and others, International Criminal Law: Cases And Commentary (1st edn, Oxford University Press 2011)
  • Cassese A, The Oxford Companion To International Criminal Justice (Oxford University Press 2009)
  • Falk R, The Declining World Order (Taylor and Francis 2004)
  • Fox H and Webb P, The Law of State Immunity (Oxford University Press 2015)
  • Lutz E, and Reiger C, Prosecuting Heads Of State (Cambridge University Press 2020)
  • Pati R, Due Process And International Terrorism (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2009)
  • Pedretti R, Immunity Of Heads Of State And State Officials For International Crimes (2014)
  • Roht-Arriaza N, The Pinochet Effect (University of Pennsylvania Press 2011)
  • Sinclair I, The Law Of Sovereign Immunity: Recent Developments (Sijthoff and Noordhoff 1980)
  • Tsilonis V, The Jurisdiction Of The International Criminal Court (Springer 2019)
  • Yang X, “Waiver of Immunity,” State Immunity in International Law (Cambridge University Press 2012)
  • Cases
  • Al Bashir Case, ICC-02/05-01/09
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium [2002]
  • Gaddafi case 125 ILR
  • Lafontant v. Aristide, 844 F. Supp. 128 (E.D.N.Y. 1994)
  • Prosecutor v Charles Ghankay Taylor (Case No. SCSL-2003-01-1)
  • Prosecutor v. Slobodan Milosevic etal, Case No. IT-99-37
  • Prosecutor v. Tihomir . Blaškić, Case No IT-95-14-T, 110 ILR 607; 106 ILR 609; 108 ILR 69
  • R v. Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate and others, ex parte Pinochet Ugarte, [1988] 4 All E.R. 897; [1999] 1 All E.R. 577; [1999] 2 All E.R. 97
  • US v. Noriega, (1990) 746 F.Supp. 1506; (Court of Appeals), 117 F.3d 1206
  • Journal Articles
  • Akande D, ‘International Law Immunities And The International Criminal Court’ (2004) 98 The American Journal of International Law
  • Akande D. and Shah S., ‘Immunities of State Officials, International Crimes, and Foreign Domestic Courts’ (2010) European Journal of International Law.
  • Alebeek R, ‘Immunity And Human Rights? A Bifurcated Approach’ (2010) 104 American Society of International Law
  • Carlston K, ‘World Order And International Law’ (1967) 20 Journal of Legal Education)
  • Carter L., ‘The Principle of Complementarity and the International Criminal Court: The Role of Ne Bis in Idem’ (2010) 8 Santa Clara Journal of International Law.
  • Ekori A. and Masumbe P., ‘Putin on Trial: the Reality of Head of State Immunity before International Criminal Court’ (2022) 2 Polit Journal: Scientific Journal of Politics.
  • Ford S, ‘The Impact Of The Ad Hoc Tribunals On The International Criminal Court’ (2018) SSRN Electronic Journal
  • Goy B, ‘Individual Criminal Responsibility Before The International Criminal Court’ (2012) 12 International Criminal Law Review
  • Grosscup S, ‘The Trial Of Slobodan Milosevic: The Demise Of Head Of State Immunity And The Specter Of Victor’s Justice’ (2004) 32 Denver Journal of International Law & Policy
  • Halberstam M, ‘Belgium’s Universal Jurisdiction Law: Vindication Of International Justice Or Pursuit Of Politics’ (2003) 25 Cardozo Law Review
  • Jalloh C., ‘Special Court of Sierra Leone: Achieving Justice?’ (2010) 32 Mich. J. Int’l L.
  • Kreß C, ‘Major Post-Westphalian Shifts and Some Important Neo-Westphalian Hesitations In The State Practice On The International Law On The Use Of Force’ (2020) 1 Journal on the Use of Force and International Law
  • Marasinghe L, ‘The Modern Law Of Sovereign Immunity’ (1991) 54 The Modern Law Review
  • Mazzeschi, R., ‘The functional immunity of State officials from foreign jurisdiction: A critique of the traditional theories’ (2015) Questions of International Law.
  • Mettraux G, Dugard J, and du Plessis M, ‘Heads Of State Immunities, International Crimes And President Bashir’S Visit To South Africa’ (2018) 18 International Criminal Law Review
  • Mitchell A, ‘Leave Your Hat On? Head Of State Immunity And Pinochet’ (1999) 25 Monash University Law Review.
  • Oosterveld V, Perry M, and McManus J, ‘The Cooperation Of States With The International Criminal Court’ (2001) 25 Fordham International Law Journal
  • Ragni C, ‘Immunity of the Heads of State: Some Critical Remarks on the Decision of the Special Court of Sierra Leone in the Charles Taylor Case’ (2004) 1 Italian Year Book of International Law
  • Roberts A, ‘NATO’s ‘Humanitarian War’ Over Kosovo’ (1999) 41 Survival
  • Sluiter G. ‘Using the Genocide Convention to Strengthen Cooperation with the ICC in the Al Bashir Case’ (2010) 8 Journal of International Crime and Justice.
  • Tladi D., ‘The ICC Decisions on Chad and Malawi’ (2013) 11 Journal of International Criminal Justice.
  • Trahan J, ‘The Relationship Between The International Criminal Court And The U.N. Security Council: Parameters And Best Practices’ (2013) 24 Criminal Law Forum
  • Valiani S., ‘Genocide Left Unchecked: Assesing the ICC’s Difficulties Detaining Omar Al-Bashir’ (2017) 35 Berkeley Journal of International Law.
  • Wenqi Z, ‘On Co-Operation By States Not Party To The International Criminal Court’ (2006) 88 International Review of the Red Cross
  • Wuerth I, ‘Pinochet’s Legacy Reassessed’ (2012) 106 The American Journal of International Law
  • Zappala S ‘Do Heads of State in Office Enjoy Immunity from Jurisdiction for International Crimes? The Ghaddafi Case Before the French Cour de Cassation.’ (2001) 12 European Journal of International Law.
  • Online Sources
  • Álvarez J, ‘The Balance Of Immunity And Impunity In The Prosecution Of International Crimes’ (Fibgar.org, 2016) <https://fibgar.org/upload/publicaciones/28/es/the-balance-of-immunity-and-impunity-in-the-prosecution-of-international-crimes.pdf> accessed 29 Sep 2022.
  • Buchanan R, ‘Obligations Of State Parties To Arrest And Surrender Omar Al-Bashir - Human Security Centre’ (Human Security Centre, 2020) <http://www.hscentre.org/global-governance/bashir-still-large-obligations-state-parties-arrest-surrender-bashir/> accessed 20 Oct 2022.
  • Diaz-Cerda V, ‘General Pinochet Arrest: 20 Years On, Here’s How It Changed Global Justice’ (The Conversation, 2018) <https://theconversation.com/general-pinochet-arrest-20-years-on-heres-how-it-changed-global-justice-104806> accessed 30 Sep 2022.
  • Foakes J., ‘Immunity For International Crimes? Developments In The Law On Prosecuting Heads Of State In Foreign Courts’ (Chatham House, 2011) <https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/International%20Law/bp1111_foakes.pdf> accessed 30 Sep 2022.
  • Haque A., ‘Immunity For International Crimes: Where Do States Really Stand? - Just Security’ (Just Security, 2018) <https://www.justsecurity.org/54998/immunity-international-crimes-states-stand/ > accessed 30 Sep 2022.
  • Henderson A., ‘Six Countries That Aren’t Part Of The ICC | Nomad Capitalist’ (Nomad Capitalist, 2020) <https://nomadcapitalist.com/2018/08/29/countries-arent-part-of-icc/> accessed 10 Nov 2022.
  • Nwosu U, ‘Head Of State Immunity In International Law’ (Etheses.lse.ac.uk, 2011)<http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/599/1/Nwosu_head_state_immunity.pdf> accessed 18 Oct 2022.
  • Oltean J, and Zebrowski N, ‘ICC Appeals Chamber Judgment On Jordan: Analysis And Implications On The Question Of Immunity’ (International Justice Monitor, 2020) <https://www.ijmonitor.org/2019/05/icc-appeals-chamber-judgment-on-jordan-analysis-and-implications-on-the-question-of-immunity/> accessed 29 Oct 2022.
  • Report Of The International Commission Of Inquiry On Darfur To The United Nations Secretary-General Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 1564’ (Un.org, 2020) <https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/com_inq_darfur.pdf> accessed 15 Oct 2022.
  • Scharf M, ‘The Special Court For Sierra Leone | ASIL’ (Asil.org, 2000) <https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/5/issue/14/special-court-sierra-leone> accessed 11 Oct 2022.
  • ‘Situation In Libya’ (Icc-cpi.int, 2020) <https://www.icc-cpi.int/libya> accessed 05 Nov 2022.
  • ‘Slobodan Milošević Trial - The Prosecution’s Case | International Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yugoslavia’ (Icty.org, 2020) <https://www.icty.org/en/content/slobodan-milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87-trial-prosecutions-case> accessed 05 Oct 2022.
  • ‘Sudan Agrees Bashir Must Face International Court’ (BBC News, 2020) <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51462613> 03 Nov 2022.
  • The Special Court For Sierra Leone, The Residual Special Court For Sierra Leone - The Prosecutor Vs. Charles Ghankay Taylor’ (Rscsl.org, 2020) <http://www.rscsl.org/Taylor.html> accessed 14 Oct 2022.
  • ‘The United Nations: Fifty Years Of Keeping The Peace’ (Crf-usa.org, 2020) <https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-12-3-a-the-united-nations-fifty-years-of-keeping-the-peace> accessed 03 Oct 2022.
  • Wiesinger E, ‘State Immunity From Enforcement Measures’ (2006) <https://deicl.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/i_deicl/VR/VR_Personal/Reinisch/Internetpublikationen/wiesinger.pdf> accessed 27 Sep 2022.

Vestefalya Sonrası Dünya Düzeninde Devlet Başkanlarının Yargı Bağışıklığı Kavramı Üzerine Bir Analiz

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 25, 107 - 136, 15.01.2023

Öz

Küreselleşme çağında, Vestfalyan devlet egemenliği kavramı aşınmaktadır. Egemen devletler, hâlâ uluslararası hukukun tek yaratıcısı olsa da, artık uluslararası hukukun tek aktörü veya öznesi değildir. Uluslararası hukukun süjeleri artık bireyleri olduğu kadar devlet dışı aktörleri de içermektedir. Vestfalya egemenliği, dünya düzenindeki değişimlerden önemli ölçüde etkilendiğinden, egemenlikten kaynaklanan ayrıcalıklar da kaçınılmaz olarak etkilenmiş durumdadır. Bu tür bir etkiyi gözlemlemek için odak noktalarından biri, eşitlerin birbirleri üzerinde yetki sahibi olmadığı temelinde devletlere tanınan dokunulmazlıktan türetilen ‘Devlet Başkanlarının Yargı Bağışıklığı’ kavramıdır. Bununla birlikte, uluslararası düzenin yeni dinamikleri, özellikle uluslararası suçlar bakımından, yargı bağışıklığının korunmasından çok cezasızlığın sona erdirilmesine odaklanmaktadır. Ancak alınan tüm tedbirlere rağmen, devlet başkanının dokunulmazlığının tamamen kaldırıldığını iddia etmek hâlâ güçtür. Bu makale, devlet başkanlarının yargı bağışıklığı kavramını Vestfalya sonrası dönemdeki değişimler ışığında incelemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Badescu C, Humanitarian Intervention And The Responsibility To Protect: Security And Human Rights (Routledge 2010)
  • Bianchi A, State Responsibility And Criminal Liability Of Individuals (2009) in Cassese A. (eds), The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice, (Oxford University Press 2009)
  • Brown B, Research Handbook On International Criminal Law (Edward Elgar 2012)
  • Cassese A and others, International Criminal Law: Cases And Commentary (1st edn, Oxford University Press 2011)
  • Cassese A, The Oxford Companion To International Criminal Justice (Oxford University Press 2009)
  • Falk R, The Declining World Order (Taylor and Francis 2004)
  • Fox H and Webb P, The Law of State Immunity (Oxford University Press 2015)
  • Lutz E, and Reiger C, Prosecuting Heads Of State (Cambridge University Press 2020)
  • Pati R, Due Process And International Terrorism (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2009)
  • Pedretti R, Immunity Of Heads Of State And State Officials For International Crimes (2014)
  • Roht-Arriaza N, The Pinochet Effect (University of Pennsylvania Press 2011)
  • Sinclair I, The Law Of Sovereign Immunity: Recent Developments (Sijthoff and Noordhoff 1980)
  • Tsilonis V, The Jurisdiction Of The International Criminal Court (Springer 2019)
  • Yang X, “Waiver of Immunity,” State Immunity in International Law (Cambridge University Press 2012)
  • Cases
  • Al Bashir Case, ICC-02/05-01/09
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium [2002]
  • Gaddafi case 125 ILR
  • Lafontant v. Aristide, 844 F. Supp. 128 (E.D.N.Y. 1994)
  • Prosecutor v Charles Ghankay Taylor (Case No. SCSL-2003-01-1)
  • Prosecutor v. Slobodan Milosevic etal, Case No. IT-99-37
  • Prosecutor v. Tihomir . Blaškić, Case No IT-95-14-T, 110 ILR 607; 106 ILR 609; 108 ILR 69
  • R v. Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate and others, ex parte Pinochet Ugarte, [1988] 4 All E.R. 897; [1999] 1 All E.R. 577; [1999] 2 All E.R. 97
  • US v. Noriega, (1990) 746 F.Supp. 1506; (Court of Appeals), 117 F.3d 1206
  • Journal Articles
  • Akande D, ‘International Law Immunities And The International Criminal Court’ (2004) 98 The American Journal of International Law
  • Akande D. and Shah S., ‘Immunities of State Officials, International Crimes, and Foreign Domestic Courts’ (2010) European Journal of International Law.
  • Alebeek R, ‘Immunity And Human Rights? A Bifurcated Approach’ (2010) 104 American Society of International Law
  • Carlston K, ‘World Order And International Law’ (1967) 20 Journal of Legal Education)
  • Carter L., ‘The Principle of Complementarity and the International Criminal Court: The Role of Ne Bis in Idem’ (2010) 8 Santa Clara Journal of International Law.
  • Ekori A. and Masumbe P., ‘Putin on Trial: the Reality of Head of State Immunity before International Criminal Court’ (2022) 2 Polit Journal: Scientific Journal of Politics.
  • Ford S, ‘The Impact Of The Ad Hoc Tribunals On The International Criminal Court’ (2018) SSRN Electronic Journal
  • Goy B, ‘Individual Criminal Responsibility Before The International Criminal Court’ (2012) 12 International Criminal Law Review
  • Grosscup S, ‘The Trial Of Slobodan Milosevic: The Demise Of Head Of State Immunity And The Specter Of Victor’s Justice’ (2004) 32 Denver Journal of International Law & Policy
  • Halberstam M, ‘Belgium’s Universal Jurisdiction Law: Vindication Of International Justice Or Pursuit Of Politics’ (2003) 25 Cardozo Law Review
  • Jalloh C., ‘Special Court of Sierra Leone: Achieving Justice?’ (2010) 32 Mich. J. Int’l L.
  • Kreß C, ‘Major Post-Westphalian Shifts and Some Important Neo-Westphalian Hesitations In The State Practice On The International Law On The Use Of Force’ (2020) 1 Journal on the Use of Force and International Law
  • Marasinghe L, ‘The Modern Law Of Sovereign Immunity’ (1991) 54 The Modern Law Review
  • Mazzeschi, R., ‘The functional immunity of State officials from foreign jurisdiction: A critique of the traditional theories’ (2015) Questions of International Law.
  • Mettraux G, Dugard J, and du Plessis M, ‘Heads Of State Immunities, International Crimes And President Bashir’S Visit To South Africa’ (2018) 18 International Criminal Law Review
  • Mitchell A, ‘Leave Your Hat On? Head Of State Immunity And Pinochet’ (1999) 25 Monash University Law Review.
  • Oosterveld V, Perry M, and McManus J, ‘The Cooperation Of States With The International Criminal Court’ (2001) 25 Fordham International Law Journal
  • Ragni C, ‘Immunity of the Heads of State: Some Critical Remarks on the Decision of the Special Court of Sierra Leone in the Charles Taylor Case’ (2004) 1 Italian Year Book of International Law
  • Roberts A, ‘NATO’s ‘Humanitarian War’ Over Kosovo’ (1999) 41 Survival
  • Sluiter G. ‘Using the Genocide Convention to Strengthen Cooperation with the ICC in the Al Bashir Case’ (2010) 8 Journal of International Crime and Justice.
  • Tladi D., ‘The ICC Decisions on Chad and Malawi’ (2013) 11 Journal of International Criminal Justice.
  • Trahan J, ‘The Relationship Between The International Criminal Court And The U.N. Security Council: Parameters And Best Practices’ (2013) 24 Criminal Law Forum
  • Valiani S., ‘Genocide Left Unchecked: Assesing the ICC’s Difficulties Detaining Omar Al-Bashir’ (2017) 35 Berkeley Journal of International Law.
  • Wenqi Z, ‘On Co-Operation By States Not Party To The International Criminal Court’ (2006) 88 International Review of the Red Cross
  • Wuerth I, ‘Pinochet’s Legacy Reassessed’ (2012) 106 The American Journal of International Law
  • Zappala S ‘Do Heads of State in Office Enjoy Immunity from Jurisdiction for International Crimes? The Ghaddafi Case Before the French Cour de Cassation.’ (2001) 12 European Journal of International Law.
  • Online Sources
  • Álvarez J, ‘The Balance Of Immunity And Impunity In The Prosecution Of International Crimes’ (Fibgar.org, 2016) <https://fibgar.org/upload/publicaciones/28/es/the-balance-of-immunity-and-impunity-in-the-prosecution-of-international-crimes.pdf> accessed 29 Sep 2022.
  • Buchanan R, ‘Obligations Of State Parties To Arrest And Surrender Omar Al-Bashir - Human Security Centre’ (Human Security Centre, 2020) <http://www.hscentre.org/global-governance/bashir-still-large-obligations-state-parties-arrest-surrender-bashir/> accessed 20 Oct 2022.
  • Diaz-Cerda V, ‘General Pinochet Arrest: 20 Years On, Here’s How It Changed Global Justice’ (The Conversation, 2018) <https://theconversation.com/general-pinochet-arrest-20-years-on-heres-how-it-changed-global-justice-104806> accessed 30 Sep 2022.
  • Foakes J., ‘Immunity For International Crimes? Developments In The Law On Prosecuting Heads Of State In Foreign Courts’ (Chatham House, 2011) <https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/International%20Law/bp1111_foakes.pdf> accessed 30 Sep 2022.
  • Haque A., ‘Immunity For International Crimes: Where Do States Really Stand? - Just Security’ (Just Security, 2018) <https://www.justsecurity.org/54998/immunity-international-crimes-states-stand/ > accessed 30 Sep 2022.
  • Henderson A., ‘Six Countries That Aren’t Part Of The ICC | Nomad Capitalist’ (Nomad Capitalist, 2020) <https://nomadcapitalist.com/2018/08/29/countries-arent-part-of-icc/> accessed 10 Nov 2022.
  • Nwosu U, ‘Head Of State Immunity In International Law’ (Etheses.lse.ac.uk, 2011)<http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/599/1/Nwosu_head_state_immunity.pdf> accessed 18 Oct 2022.
  • Oltean J, and Zebrowski N, ‘ICC Appeals Chamber Judgment On Jordan: Analysis And Implications On The Question Of Immunity’ (International Justice Monitor, 2020) <https://www.ijmonitor.org/2019/05/icc-appeals-chamber-judgment-on-jordan-analysis-and-implications-on-the-question-of-immunity/> accessed 29 Oct 2022.
  • Report Of The International Commission Of Inquiry On Darfur To The United Nations Secretary-General Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 1564’ (Un.org, 2020) <https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/com_inq_darfur.pdf> accessed 15 Oct 2022.
  • Scharf M, ‘The Special Court For Sierra Leone | ASIL’ (Asil.org, 2000) <https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/5/issue/14/special-court-sierra-leone> accessed 11 Oct 2022.
  • ‘Situation In Libya’ (Icc-cpi.int, 2020) <https://www.icc-cpi.int/libya> accessed 05 Nov 2022.
  • ‘Slobodan Milošević Trial - The Prosecution’s Case | International Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yugoslavia’ (Icty.org, 2020) <https://www.icty.org/en/content/slobodan-milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87-trial-prosecutions-case> accessed 05 Oct 2022.
  • ‘Sudan Agrees Bashir Must Face International Court’ (BBC News, 2020) <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51462613> 03 Nov 2022.
  • The Special Court For Sierra Leone, The Residual Special Court For Sierra Leone - The Prosecutor Vs. Charles Ghankay Taylor’ (Rscsl.org, 2020) <http://www.rscsl.org/Taylor.html> accessed 14 Oct 2022.
  • ‘The United Nations: Fifty Years Of Keeping The Peace’ (Crf-usa.org, 2020) <https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-12-3-a-the-united-nations-fifty-years-of-keeping-the-peace> accessed 03 Oct 2022.
  • Wiesinger E, ‘State Immunity From Enforcement Measures’ (2006) <https://deicl.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/i_deicl/VR/VR_Personal/Reinisch/Internetpublikationen/wiesinger.pdf> accessed 27 Sep 2022.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Merve Gertik Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6158-8539

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 25

Kaynak Göster

APA Gertik, M. (2023). AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT OF HEAD OF STATE IMMUNITY IN THE POST-WESTPHALIAN WORLD ORDER. Law and Justice Review(25), 107-136.