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THE REGULATIONS ON THE USE OF DNA IN FRENCH CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 29, 141 - 160, 15.01.2025

Öz

DNA samples are unique evidence for criminal proceedings to identify the criminals. DNA analysis in criminal proceedings is performed in a variety of ways, including comparisons between the samples collected at the crime scene with the DNA of a person or with a DNA profile stored in a DNA databank. Even it is further used by law enforcement officers to find out the suspects, witnesses, as well as victims of future crimes. All these different ways of collecting and analysing DNA samples are conducted for the same purpose: Finding out the truth.
France is one of the pioneering countries in the world in terms of legislative grounds and the increasing capacity of the DNA databank, which is called the Automated National File of Genetic Prints (Fichier National des Empreintes Génétiques, or FNAEG). With the increasing demand over time, the scope of the use of DNA in criminal proceedings has expanded inevitably. Thus, the legislation has been repeatedly amended in different years. Having acknowledged the importance of DNA samples, the exponential use of them has raised some concerns on the right to respect private life, particularly on data protection issues. To this extent, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has significant reverberations over these legislative changes.
In this study, the provisions of the French Criminal Procedural Code (FCPC) on collecting and processing DNA in criminal proceedings will be under scrutiny, and proposals will be made for the Turkish legislative amendments, in conclusion.

Kaynakça

  • ‘Cahier des Clauses Techniques Particulières Tierce Maintenance Applicative de l’application FNAEG - NG (Fichier National Automatisé des Empreintes Génétiques – Nouvelle Génération) Annexe 1 Présentation Fonctionnelle’, <https://cdnx.nextinpact.com/data-next/file-uploads/CCTPFNAEG-NG-Annexe1V16.pdf> accessed 25 May 2024
  • Campbell L, ‘Non – Conviction DNA Databases and Criminal Justice: A Comparative Analysis’ (2022) 1 Journal of Commonwealth Criminal Law 55
  • Casterot C A, ‘Le FNAEG, un Outil de Fichage au Service des Enquetes’ (2019) 9 Le Proces Penal a L’epreuve de la Genetique 23
  • Cobain I, ‘Killer Breakthrough – The Day DNA Evidence First Nailed a Murder’ The Guardian (London, 7 June 2016) <https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/07/killer-dna-evidence-genetic-profiling-criminal-investigation> accessed 12 June 2024
  • Erbaş R, ‘DNA Databases for Criminal Justice System: A Pathway Towards Utopian or Dystopian Future?’ (2022) 18 The Age of Human Rights Journal 331
  • F. J. avec AFP, ‘6,5 Millions de Personnes Sont Enregistrées en France dans le Fichier des Empreintes Digitales’ (BFMTV, 13 April 2023) <https://www.bfmtv.com/police-justice/6-5-millions-de-personnes-sont-enregistrees-en-france-dans-le-fichier-des-empreintes-digitales_AD-202304130754.html#:~:text=Des%20donn%C3%A9es%20conserv%C3%A9es%2010%20%C3%A0,de%20police%20scientifique%20(SNPS),> accessed 30 May 2024
  • Home Office, National DNA Database (NDNAD) Statistics, <https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/national-dna-database-statistics#full-publication-update-history> accessed 30 September 2024
  • Gueye O, Pellegrini F, ‘Vers une Remise en Cause de la Légalité du FNAEG?’ (2017) Convergences du Droit et du Numérique, Forum Montesquieu 1
  • Leonhard J, ‘Le Fichage de L’empreinte Genetique’ in Bruno Py, Julie Leonhard, Mathieu Martinelle, Catherine Ménabé (eds), ADN et Justice: L’utilisation de L’empreinte Génétique dans les Procédures Judiciaires (Presses Universitaires de Nancy et Éditions Universitaires de Lorraine, Collection Santé, qualité de vie et handicap 2020) 84
  • Lievaux C, ‘Du Droit de la Prevue par le Corps aux Droits de la Personne sur son Corps’ in Bruno Py, Julie Leonhard, Mathieu Martinelle, Catherine Ménabé (eds), ADN et Justice: L’utilisation de L’empreinte Génétique dans les Procédures Judiciaires (Presses Universitaires de Nancy et Éditions Universitaires de Lorraine, Collection Santé, qualité de vie et handicap 2020) 186
  • Olech, V, ‘La Place de l’AND dans les Procedures Policieres et Judiciaires’ in Bruno Py, Julie Leonhard, Mathieu Martinelle, Catherine Ménabé (eds), ADN et Justice: l’utilisation de l’empreinte Génétique dans les Procédures Judiciaires, (Presses Universitaires de Nancy et Éditions Universitaires de Lorraine 2020) 53.
  • PY B, ‘ADN et Procedure Penale: la science au service des enqueteurs’ in Bruno Py, Julie Leonhard, Mathieu Martinelle, Catherine Ménabé (eds), ADN et Justice: L’utilisation de L’empreinte Génétique dans les Procédures Judiciaires (Presses Universitaires de Nancy et Éditions Universitaires de Lorraine, Collection Santé, qualité de vie et handicap 2020) 24
  • Rabeharisoa V, Paterson F, ‘Maintenir une Infrastructure en Droit: le Rôle du Comité Technique du Fichier National Automatisé des Empreintes Génétiques’ in Joëlle Vailly (ed), Sur la Trace des Suspects, L’incorporation de la Preuve et de l’indice à l’ère de la Génétique (Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, coll. “Le bien commun” 2021) 54
  • Roberts A, Taylor N, ‘Privacy and the DNA Database’ (2005) 4 European Human Rights Law 373
  • Vailly J, Bouagga Y, ‘Opposition to the Forensic Use of DNA in France: The Jurisdiction and Veridiction Effects’ (2019) 15 BioSocieties <https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02132130/document> accessed 12 May 2024
  • Vailly J, Krikorianp G, ‘Durabilité et extension du soupçon Catégorisations et usages policiers du fichier d’empreintes génétiques en France’ (2018) 59 Reveu Française de Sociologie, 707
  • Wallace H. M, Jackson A. R, Gruber J, Thibedeau A. D, ‘Forensic DNA Databases – Ethical and Legal Standarts: A Global Review’, (2014) 4 Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences 57
  • Aycaguer v France App No 8806/12 (ECtHR, 22 June 2017)
  • Gaughran v The United Kingdom App No 45245/15 (ECtHR, 13 February 2020)
  • S. and Marper v The United Kingdom App no 30562/04 and 30566/04 (ECtHR, 4 December 2008)

“Fransız Ceza Muhakemesinde DNA Kullanımına İlişkin Düzenlemeler”

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 29, 141 - 160, 15.01.2025

Öz

DNA örnekleri, ceza davalarında suçluların kimliğini tespit etmek için eşsiz bir delil niteliğindedir. Suç yerinden elde edilen örnekler ile bir kişinin DNAsı veya yine bu örneklerle bir DNA veri bankasında muhafaza edilen bir DNA profili arasında karşılaştırmalar dahil olmak üzere ceza muhakemesinde DNA analizi çeşitli şekillerde gerçekleştirilebilir. Hatta, kolluk görevlileri tarafından gelecekte işlenecek suçların şüphelileri, tanıkları ve mağdurlarını bulmak için yeniden kullanılabilmektedir. DNA örneği toplamanın ve analiz etmenin tüm bu farklı yolları aynı amaç için gerçekleştirilmektedir: Gerçeği ortaya çıkarmak.
Fransa, yasal zemini ve Otomatik Ulusal Genetik Veri Bankası (Fichier national des empreintes génétiques - FNAEG) olarak adlandırılan DNA veri bankasının artan kapasitesi açısından dünyadaki öncü ülkelerden biridir. Zaman içinde artan taleple birlikte DNA’nın ceza yargılamalarında kullanımının kapsamı da kaçınılmaz olarak genişlemiştir. Bu nedenle, mevzuat farklı yıllarda defalarca değiştirilmiştir. DNA örneklerinin önemi kabul edilmekle birlikte, bu örneklerin kullanımındaki artış, özel hayata saygı hakkı ve özellikle de veri koruma konularında bazı endişelere yol açmıştır. Bu kapsamda, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin (AİHM) bu mevzuat değişiklikleri üzerinde önemli yansımaları olmuştur.
Bu çalışmada, Fransız Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu’nun (FCPC) ceza yargılamalarında DNA’nın toplanması ve işlenmesine ilişkin hükümleri mercek altına alınacak ve sonuç bölümünde Türkiye’deki mevzuat değişiklikleri için önerilerde bulunulacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • ‘Cahier des Clauses Techniques Particulières Tierce Maintenance Applicative de l’application FNAEG - NG (Fichier National Automatisé des Empreintes Génétiques – Nouvelle Génération) Annexe 1 Présentation Fonctionnelle’, <https://cdnx.nextinpact.com/data-next/file-uploads/CCTPFNAEG-NG-Annexe1V16.pdf> accessed 25 May 2024
  • Campbell L, ‘Non – Conviction DNA Databases and Criminal Justice: A Comparative Analysis’ (2022) 1 Journal of Commonwealth Criminal Law 55
  • Casterot C A, ‘Le FNAEG, un Outil de Fichage au Service des Enquetes’ (2019) 9 Le Proces Penal a L’epreuve de la Genetique 23
  • Cobain I, ‘Killer Breakthrough – The Day DNA Evidence First Nailed a Murder’ The Guardian (London, 7 June 2016) <https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/07/killer-dna-evidence-genetic-profiling-criminal-investigation> accessed 12 June 2024
  • Erbaş R, ‘DNA Databases for Criminal Justice System: A Pathway Towards Utopian or Dystopian Future?’ (2022) 18 The Age of Human Rights Journal 331
  • F. J. avec AFP, ‘6,5 Millions de Personnes Sont Enregistrées en France dans le Fichier des Empreintes Digitales’ (BFMTV, 13 April 2023) <https://www.bfmtv.com/police-justice/6-5-millions-de-personnes-sont-enregistrees-en-france-dans-le-fichier-des-empreintes-digitales_AD-202304130754.html#:~:text=Des%20donn%C3%A9es%20conserv%C3%A9es%2010%20%C3%A0,de%20police%20scientifique%20(SNPS),> accessed 30 May 2024
  • Home Office, National DNA Database (NDNAD) Statistics, <https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/national-dna-database-statistics#full-publication-update-history> accessed 30 September 2024
  • Gueye O, Pellegrini F, ‘Vers une Remise en Cause de la Légalité du FNAEG?’ (2017) Convergences du Droit et du Numérique, Forum Montesquieu 1
  • Leonhard J, ‘Le Fichage de L’empreinte Genetique’ in Bruno Py, Julie Leonhard, Mathieu Martinelle, Catherine Ménabé (eds), ADN et Justice: L’utilisation de L’empreinte Génétique dans les Procédures Judiciaires (Presses Universitaires de Nancy et Éditions Universitaires de Lorraine, Collection Santé, qualité de vie et handicap 2020) 84
  • Lievaux C, ‘Du Droit de la Prevue par le Corps aux Droits de la Personne sur son Corps’ in Bruno Py, Julie Leonhard, Mathieu Martinelle, Catherine Ménabé (eds), ADN et Justice: L’utilisation de L’empreinte Génétique dans les Procédures Judiciaires (Presses Universitaires de Nancy et Éditions Universitaires de Lorraine, Collection Santé, qualité de vie et handicap 2020) 186
  • Olech, V, ‘La Place de l’AND dans les Procedures Policieres et Judiciaires’ in Bruno Py, Julie Leonhard, Mathieu Martinelle, Catherine Ménabé (eds), ADN et Justice: l’utilisation de l’empreinte Génétique dans les Procédures Judiciaires, (Presses Universitaires de Nancy et Éditions Universitaires de Lorraine 2020) 53.
  • PY B, ‘ADN et Procedure Penale: la science au service des enqueteurs’ in Bruno Py, Julie Leonhard, Mathieu Martinelle, Catherine Ménabé (eds), ADN et Justice: L’utilisation de L’empreinte Génétique dans les Procédures Judiciaires (Presses Universitaires de Nancy et Éditions Universitaires de Lorraine, Collection Santé, qualité de vie et handicap 2020) 24
  • Rabeharisoa V, Paterson F, ‘Maintenir une Infrastructure en Droit: le Rôle du Comité Technique du Fichier National Automatisé des Empreintes Génétiques’ in Joëlle Vailly (ed), Sur la Trace des Suspects, L’incorporation de la Preuve et de l’indice à l’ère de la Génétique (Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, coll. “Le bien commun” 2021) 54
  • Roberts A, Taylor N, ‘Privacy and the DNA Database’ (2005) 4 European Human Rights Law 373
  • Vailly J, Bouagga Y, ‘Opposition to the Forensic Use of DNA in France: The Jurisdiction and Veridiction Effects’ (2019) 15 BioSocieties <https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02132130/document> accessed 12 May 2024
  • Vailly J, Krikorianp G, ‘Durabilité et extension du soupçon Catégorisations et usages policiers du fichier d’empreintes génétiques en France’ (2018) 59 Reveu Française de Sociologie, 707
  • Wallace H. M, Jackson A. R, Gruber J, Thibedeau A. D, ‘Forensic DNA Databases – Ethical and Legal Standarts: A Global Review’, (2014) 4 Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences 57
  • Aycaguer v France App No 8806/12 (ECtHR, 22 June 2017)
  • Gaughran v The United Kingdom App No 45245/15 (ECtHR, 13 February 2020)
  • S. and Marper v The United Kingdom App no 30562/04 and 30566/04 (ECtHR, 4 December 2008)
Toplam 20 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hukuk (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Seçkin Koçer Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-8350-0817

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Ocak 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ocak 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 8 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 29

Kaynak Göster

APA Koçer, S. (2025). THE REGULATIONS ON THE USE OF DNA IN FRENCH CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS. Law and Justice Review(29), 141-160.