Çin’in Bürokratik Geleneği: Konfüçyanizm ve Legalizm

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 6, 133 - 148, 30.12.2018

Elshad Assadullayev

Öz

Çin'de, yönetim alanında birçok önemli klasik metin bulunmaktadır. Felsefelerin geleneksel sınıflandırılması Yüz Düşünce Okulu olarak bilinmektedir. Antik Çin büyük tarihçisi Sima Qian, çağının önemli bir anlayışını temsil etmekteydi. Böylece, Çin tarihi boyunca iki büyük bürokratik gelenek ihtilafa neden olmuştu: Konfüçyanizm ve Legalizm. Konfüçyanizm düşüncesinde, bürokrasinin ahlaki temeline vurgu yapılmaktadır. Ataya saygı ve hayırsever hükümet gibi fikirlere odaklanılmaktadır. Legalizm düşüncesi ise otoriter iktidar ile ödül ve cezalar üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Ayrıca, 1970'lerde, M.Ö. 3. yüzyıldan kalma önemli yazılı belge ve koleksiyonlar bulunmuştur. Bu belgeler, idari verimliliğe bürokratik prosedürler aracılığıyla ulaşıldığını göstermektedir. Sadece Çin tarihini değil, Doğu Asya'nın tamamında etkili olan bu iki yaklaşım makale boyunca tartışılmıştır. Makalenin otorite ve yönetime ilişkin sorularını aydınlatmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Konfüçyanizm, Legalizm, Bürokrasi, Çin, Hukuk, Yetki, Yönetim

Bureaucratic Tradition of China: Confucianism and Legalism

Öz

There are quite a few important classical Chinese texts, which specifically deal with government and administration. The traditional classification of philosophies is known as the Hundred Schools of Thought. Details such as described by the grand historian Sima Qian provided a substantial understanding of the era. Thus, there can be identified two major bureaucratic traditions that have been subject to dispute throughout the history of China: Confucianism and Legalism. In Confucian thought, there is an emphasis on the moral justification of bureaucracy. It focuses on ideas such as filial piety and benevolent government. Legalism, on the other hand, concentrates on the authoritarian rule and administrative techniques of rewards and punishments. Moreover, during the 1970s, a considerable collection of written legal codes and regulation from the 3rd century B.C. was discovered. The carefully designed documents indicate that administrative efficiency was attained through the bureaucratic procedures. Two schools, which mostly define not only China’s history but also the whole of East Asia, have been the focus of study. The aim is to shed light on the questions of authority and administration.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Confucianism, Legalism, Bureaucracy, China, Law, Authority, Administration

Kaynakça

• Bellah, R. N. (1991). Beyond Belief: Essays on Religion in a Post-traditional World. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Berman, E. M. (2010). Public Administration in East Asia: Common Roots, Ways, and Tasks. In E. M. Berman, H. Choi, & M. J. Moon (Eds.), Public Administration in East Asia: Mainland China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
• Chan, J. (2007). Democracy and Meritocracy: Toward a Confucian Perspective. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 34(2), 179–193.
• Confucius. (2003). Confucius Analects: With Selection from Traditional Commentaries. (E. G. Slingerland, Ed. & Trans.). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. Co.
• Creel, H. G. (1975). Chinese Thought from Confucius to Mao Tsê-tung (10. impr). Chicago: Univ. Pr.
• Creel, H. G. (1982). What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History. University of Chicago Press.
• Dao, M. C. (1996). Administrative Concepts in Confucianism and their Influence on Development in Confucian Countries. Asian Journal of Public Administration, 18(1), 45–69.
• Drechsler, W. (2013). Wang Anshi and the Origins of Modern Public Management in Song Dynasty China. Public Money & Management, 33(5), 353–360.
• Drechsler, W. (2015). Paradigms of non-Western Public Administration and Governance. In A. Massey & K. Johnston (Eds.), The International Handbook of Public Administration and Governance. Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Dyzenhaus, D. (2006). The Constitution of Law: Legality in a Time of Emergency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Fields, L. B. (1989). The Ch’in Dynasty: Legalism and Confucianism. Journal of Asian History, 23(1), 1–25.
• Frederickson, H. G. (2002). Confucius and the Moral Basis of Bureaucracy. Administration & Society, 33(6), 610–628.
• Fu, Z. (1996). China’s Legalists: The Earliest Totalitarians and Their Art of Ruling (1st Edition). Armonk, N.Y: Routledge.
• Fukuyama, F. (2011). The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution.
• Fukuyama, F. (2013). What is Governance? Governance, 26(3), 347–368.
• Fung, Y. (1968). A Short History of Chinese Philosophy. (D. Bodde, Ed.). The Free Press.
• Giddens, A. (2002). Introduction. In M. Weber, T. Parsons (Trans.), The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. London: Routledge.
• Goldin, P. R. (2011). Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese “Legalism.” Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 38(1), 88–104.
• Goldin, P. R. (2013). Introduction: Han Fei and the Han Feizi. In P. R. Goldin (Ed.), Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Han Fei (pp. 1–21). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
• Han, F. (2003). Han Feizi: Basic Writings. (B. Watson, Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press.
• Hulsewé, A. F. P. (1981). The Legalists and the Laws of Chin. Leyden Studies in Sinology (Idema (W.L.), XV., 1–22.
• Huntington, S. P. (1993). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
• Im, T., Campbell, J. W., & Cha, S. (2013). Revisiting Confucian Bureaucracy: Roots of The Korean Government’s Culture and Competitiveness. Public Administration and Development, 33(4), 286–296.
• Inglehart, R., & Carballo, M. (1997). Does Latin America Exist? (And Is There a Confucian Culture?): A Global Analysis of Cross-Cultural Differences. PS: Political Science and Politics, 30(1).
• Katz-Goehr, A. (2009). “On Being ‘Straight’ zhi 直: Analects 13.18.” In R. D. Findeisen, G. C. Isay, & A. Katz-Goehr (Eds.), At Home in Many Worlds: Reading, Writing and Translating from Chinese and Jewish Cultures : Essays in Honour of Irene Eber. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
• Kim, D. J. (1994). Is Culture Destiny? The Myth of Asia’s Anti-Democratic Values. Foreign Affairs, 73(6).
• Kruger, R. (2003). All Under Heaven: A Complete History of China (1st edition). Chichester, Eng.; Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
• Lam, K.-C. J. (2003). Confucian Business Ethics and the Economy. Journal of Business Ethics, 43(1–2), 153–162.
• Laozi. (2001). Dao De Jjing: The Book of the Way. (M. Roberts, Ed. & Trans.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Lee, L. T., & Lai, W. W. (1978). The Chinese Conceptions of Law: Confucian, Legalist, and Buddhist. Hastings Law Journal, 29(6).
• Lee, S. Y., & Jung, K. (2010). Public Service Ethics and Anticorruption Efforts in South Korea. In E. M. Berman, H. Choi, & M. J. Moon (Eds.), Public administration in East Asia: mainland China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
• Lewis, M. E. (1999). Writing and Authority in Early China. SUNY Press.
• Manson, W. C. (1987). Incipient Chinese Bureaucracy and its Ideological Rationale: The Confucianism of Hsün Tzŭ. Dialectical Anthropology, 12(3), 271–284.
• Mencius. (2009). Mencius. (P. J. Ivanhoe, Ed., I. Bloom, Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press.
• Mo, J. (2003). The Challenge of Accountability: Implications of the Censorate. In D. A. Bell & H. Chaibong (Eds.), Confucianism for the Modern World. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Nylan, M. (2008). The Five "Confucian" Classics. Yale University Press.
• Peerenboom, R. P. (2002). China’s Long March toward Rule of Law. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Rawnsley, G. D., & Rawnsley, M.-Y. T. (Eds.). (2010). Global Chinese Cinema: the Culture and Politics of Hero. London: New York : Routledge.
• Schell, O. (1995). Mandate of Heaven: The Legacy of Tiananmen Square and the Next Generation of China’s Leaders. Simon and Schuster.
• Schrecker, J. E. (2004). The Chinese Revolution in Historical Perspective. Greenwood Publishing Group.
• Schwartz, B. I. (1985). The World of Thought in Ancient China (Reprint edition). Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press.
• Shang, Y. (2011). The Book of Lord Shang: a Classic of the Chinese School of Law. (J. J. L. Duyvendak, Trans.).
• Sun Tzu. (2009). Sun Tzu: The Art of War. Pax Librorum Pub. H.
• Tamanaha, B. Z. (2004). On the Rule of Law: History, Politics, Theory. Cambridge University Press.
• Tan, S. (2003). Confucian democracy: a Deweyan Reconstruction. Albany: State University of New York Press.
• Tu, W. (1985). Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation. Albany: State University of New York Press.
• Weber, M. (1951). The Religion of China; Confucianism and Taoism. (H. H. Gerth, Trans.) (New edition). Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press.
• Zhao, D. (2015). The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese history. Oxford: Oxford University Press.