EN
TR
Beyond Beings and Attributes: On the Semantics of Ḥukm in Bahshamite and Ḥusaynite Muʿtazilism
Öz
One of the challenges of studying pre-Avicennian kalām is grasping the technical terminology developed by the mutakallimūn, which has remained remarkably opaque in some crucial cases. The present paper attempts to take a step towards filling this gap, explaining the specific meanings assumed by the term ḥukm in Bahshamism and Ḥusaynism, namely ‘probandum’, ‘caused property’, ‘function’, and ‘characteristic’. These all share in the semantic minimum ‘predicate’, in the minimal sense of “what is linguistically predicable of something”, although this shared notion falls short of capturing the specificity of ḥukm’s uses. Ḥukm qua probandum denotes whatever predicate that an analogical inference (qiyās) aims to transfer from a source case to a target case due to a rationale (ʿilla) the two share. The paper argues that kalām probably imported this notion of ḥukm from jurisprudential inference theory where it denotes a legal ruling simpliciter, or a legal ruling qua probandum of an analogical inference. The paper also makes the case that the epistemic connotation of ḥukm and ʿilla as ‘probandum’ and ‘rationale’ does not necessarily correspond to their ontological connotation as ‘caused property’ and ‘cause’ or ‘ground’. Ḥukm also denotes a property in the robust sense of “what is ontologically real, additional to a subject, and possessed by it”, shared by the three remaining notions of ḥukm, meaning caused property, function, and characteristic. Ḥukm qua caused property designates a property that a being possesses due to the influence of a ground (ʿilla, maʿnā) or entailer (muqtaḍī). A ground is a being which is distinct from the bearer, has specific relation to it (for example, by inhering in it), and makes it acquire a property, e.g., motion is the ground causing a being’s property ‘moving’. An entailer is a being’s property which causes another property of the same being, e.g., an atom’s occupying space causes it to bear the property ‘subject of inference for accidents. Ḥukm qua function designates a property which conveys how a thing is or behaves relative to other things, e.g., being of different in kind from something, being identical in kind to something, inhering in a substrate. Although this connotation is explicitly thematized by Ibn al-Malāḥimī, the Bahshamite sources frequently use ḥukm in this sense. Ḥukm qua characteristic denotes a specific type of function that is unique to its bearer and can be used to acquire inferential knowledge of it or of one of its properties. For example, ‘possibility of acting skillfully’ is a characteristic enabling us to infer that something has the property ‘knowing’. After laying down these four meanings, the paper discusses the extension of each of them relative to the others, concluding that none includes all the others extensionally, and therefore no one can serve as a general definition of ḥukm applicable across different contexts. Finally, the paper makes the case that several authors among both the Bahshamites and the Ḥusaynites considered aḥkām qua functions a genuine ontological category besides beings (dhawāt, ashyāʾ) and attributes (aḥwāl, ṣifāt), the difference between attributes and aḥkām being that attributes are monadic whereas aḥkām are relational.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- ʿAbd al-Jabbār. al-Mughnī fī abwab al-tawḥīd wa-l-ʿadl. Critical ed. Ṭaha Husayn - Ibrahim Madkūr. Cairo: al-Dār al-miṣriyya li-l-taʾlīf wa-l-tarjama, 1965.
- Bājī, Abū l-Walīd. Kitāb al-ḥudūd fī l-uṣūl. ed. Nazīh Ḥammād. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-zuʻbī, 1973.
- Baṣrī, Abū l-Ḥusayn. al-Muʿtamad fī uṣūl al-fiqh. ed. Muḥammad Ḥamīdallah et al. Damascus: Institut français de Damas, 1964–1965.
- Baṣrī, Abū l-Ḥusayn. Taṣaffuḥ al-adilla. ed. Wilferd Madelung - Sabine Schmidtke. Wiesbaden: Harassowitz Verlag, 2006.
- Erkmen, Recep. Fakhr al-Dîn al-Râzî: The Problem of Knowledge and Metaphysical Skepticism. Bloomington: Indiana University, PhD Dissertation, 2022.
- Fleisch, Henri. “Ḥukm”. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. III. ed. by Bernard Lewis et al. Leiden–London: Brill–Luzac, 2. Edition, 1986
- Frank, Richard. Beings and Their Attributes. The Teaching of the Basrian School of the Mutazila in the Classical Period. Albany: Suny Press, 1978.
- Frank, Richard. Classical Islamic Theology: The Ashʿarites. ed. Dimitri Gutas. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
İslam Felsefesi, Kelam
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Yayımlanma Tarihi
30 Haziran 2026
Gönderilme Tarihi
8 Nisan 2026
Kabul Tarihi
21 Mayıs 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Sayı: 56
APA
Zamboni, F. O. (2026). Beyond Beings and Attributes: On the Semantics of Ḥukm in Bahshamite and Ḥusaynite Muʿtazilism. Makale, 56, 6-35. https://izlik.org/JA92DN93ZS
AMA
1.Zamboni FO. Beyond Beings and Attributes: On the Semantics of Ḥukm in Bahshamite and Ḥusaynite Muʿtazilism. Makale. 2026;(56):6-35. https://izlik.org/JA92DN93ZS
Chicago
Zamboni, Francesco Omar. 2026. “Beyond Beings and Attributes: On the Semantics of Ḥukm in Bahshamite and Ḥusaynite Muʿtazilism”. Makale, sy 56: 6-35. https://izlik.org/JA92DN93ZS.
EndNote
Zamboni FO (01 Haziran 2026) Beyond Beings and Attributes: On the Semantics of Ḥukm in Bahshamite and Ḥusaynite Muʿtazilism. Makale 56 6–35.
IEEE
[1]F. O. Zamboni, “Beyond Beings and Attributes: On the Semantics of Ḥukm in Bahshamite and Ḥusaynite Muʿtazilism”, Makale, sy 56, ss. 6–35, Haz. 2026, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA92DN93ZS
ISNAD
Zamboni, Francesco Omar. “Beyond Beings and Attributes: On the Semantics of Ḥukm in Bahshamite and Ḥusaynite Muʿtazilism”. Makale. 56 (01 Haziran 2026): 6-35. https://izlik.org/JA92DN93ZS.
JAMA
1.Zamboni FO. Beyond Beings and Attributes: On the Semantics of Ḥukm in Bahshamite and Ḥusaynite Muʿtazilism. Makale. 2026;:6–35.
MLA
Zamboni, Francesco Omar. “Beyond Beings and Attributes: On the Semantics of Ḥukm in Bahshamite and Ḥusaynite Muʿtazilism”. Makale, sy 56, Haziran 2026, ss. 6-35, https://izlik.org/JA92DN93ZS.
Vancouver
1.Francesco Omar Zamboni. Beyond Beings and Attributes: On the Semantics of Ḥukm in Bahshamite and Ḥusaynite Muʿtazilism. Makale [Internet]. 01 Haziran 2026;(56):6-35. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA92DN93ZS