TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNDE ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN KARBON EMİSYONU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ
Yıl 2018,
, 169 - 186, 30.06.2018
Murat Çetin
,
Özge Yüksel
Öz
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, 1960-2014 döneminde
Türkiye ekonomisinde Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (ÇKE) hipotezi
bağlamında enerji tüketiminin karbon emisyonu
üzerindeki etkisini ampirik olarak araştırmaktır. Literatüre bağlı olarak ekonomik
büyüme, ticari
açıklık ve finansal gelişme diğer bağımsız değişkenler olarak ampirik modellere
ilave edilmektedir. Ng-Perron ve PP testleri kullanılarak değişkenlerin
durağanlık analizi gerçekleştirilmektedir. Değişkenler arasındaki eşbütünleşmenin
varlığı Johansen-Juselius ve Phillips-Ouliaris testleri yardımıyla analiz edilmektedir.
Uzun dönem parametreleri ise Genelleştirilmiş Momentler Metodu (GMM) ve Dinamik
OLS (DOLS) tahmincileri ile tahmin edilmektedir. Ampirik sonuçlar, değişkenlerin
birinci farkında durağan ve eşbütünleşik olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. ÇKE hipotezinin
varlığı Türkiye ekonomisi için desteklenmektedir. Ampirik sonuçlar aynı zamanda
enerji tüketiminin karbon emisyonunu artırdığını
göstermektedir. Çalışma, Türkiye ekonomisi için önemli politika çıkarımları sunabilmektedir.
Kaynakça
- AHMAD, N., DU, L., LU, J., WANG, J., LI, H-Z. ve HASHMI, M.Z. (2017), Modelling the CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth in Croatia: Is there any Environmental Kuznets Curve?, Energy, 123, 164-172. AKBOSTANCI, E., TURUT-ASIK, S. ve TUNC, G.İ. (2009), The Relationship between Income and Environment in Turkey: Is there an Environmental Kuznets Curve?, Energy Policy, 37, 861-867. ALI, W., ABDULLAH, A. ve AZAM, M. (2017), Re-visiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Malaysia: Fresh Evidence from ARDL Bounds Testing Approach, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 990-1000. ALTINTAŞ, H. (2013), Türkiye’de Birincil Enerji Tüketimi, Karbondioksit Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 8(1), 263-294. ANTWEILER, W., COPELAND, B. ve TAYLOR, M.S. (2001), Is Free Trade good for the Environment?, American Economic Review, 91(4), 877-908. APERGIS, N. ve OZTURK, I. (2015), Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Asian Countries, Ecological Indicators, 52, 16-22. BAEK, J. (2015), Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions: The Case of Arctic Countries, Energy Economics, 50, 13-17. BOUTABBA, M. A. (2014), The Impact of Financial Development, Income, Energy and Trade on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from the Indian Economy, Economic Modelling, 40, 33-41. BAŞAR, S. ve TEMURLENK, M.S. (2007), Çevreye Uyarlanmış Kuznets Eğrisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 1-12. BOZKURT, C. ve OKUMUŞ, İ. (2015), Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi, Ticari Serbestleşme ve Nüfus Yoğunluğunun CO2 Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkileri: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(32), 23-35. BÖLÜK, G. ve MERT, M. (2015), The Renewable Energy, Growth and Enviromental Kuznets Curve in Turkey: An ARDL Approach, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 587-595. BP (2017), BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 66th Edition. BURCK, J., MARTEN, F., BALS, C. ve HOHNE, N. (2018), Climate Change Performance Index, Results-2018.COONDOO, D. ve DINDA, S. (2008), The Carbondioxide Emissions and Income: A Temporal Analysis of Cross-country Distributional Patterns, Ecological Economics, 265, 375-385. ÇETİN, M. ve SEKER, F. (2014), Ekonomik Büyüme ve Dış Ticaretin Çevre Kirliliği Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye İçin Bir ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı, Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 213-230.De VITA, G., KATIRCIOGLU, S., ALTINAY, L., FETHI, S. ve MERCAN, M. (2015), Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in a Tourism Development Context, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 16652-16663. ELLIOTT, G., ROTHENBERG, T.J. ve STOCK, J.H. (1996), Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root, Econometrica, 64(4), 813-836. ERTUGRUL, H.M., CETIN, M., SEKER, F. ve DOGAN, E. (2016), The Impact of Trade Openness on Global Carbondioxide Emissions: Evidence from the Top Ten Emitters among Developed Counties, Ecological Indicators, 67, 543-555. FARHANI, S. ve REJEB, J.B. (2012), Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Panel Data for MENA Region, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2(2), 71-81.FARHANI, S. ve OZTURK, I. (2015), Causal Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Real GDP, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, Trade Openness and Urbanization in Tunisia, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(20), 15663-15676. GOJAYEV, Z., SARMIDI, T. ve SALLEH, N.H.M. (2012), Economic Development, CO2 Emissions and Fossil Fuels Consumption in Turkey: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach, Journal of Academic Researh in Economics, 4(3), 257-271. GOKMENOGLU, K. ve TASPINAR, N. (2016), The Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and FDI: The Case of Turkey, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25(5), 706-723.GROSSMAN, G. ve KRUGER, A. (1995), Economic Growth and the Environment, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377. HALICIOGLU, F. (2009), An Econometric Study of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey, Energy Policy, 37, 1156-1164. HAMIT-HAGGAR, M. (2012), Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: A Panel Cointegration Analysis from Canadian Industrial Sector Perspective, Energy Economics, 34, 358-364.HANSEN, L.P. (1982), Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators, Econometrica, 50(4), 1029-1054. HE, J. ve RICHARD, P. (2010), Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 in Canada, Ecological Economics, 69, 1083-1093. HORTON, J.B., KEITH, D.W. ve HONEGGER, M. (2016), Implications of the Paris Agreement for Carbon Dioxide Removal and Solar Geoengineering, Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Harvard Kennedy School.JALIL, A. ve FERIDUN, M. (2011), The Impact of Growth, Energy and Financial Development on the Environment in China: A Cointegration Analysis, Energy Economics, 33(2), 284-291. JAYANTHAKUMARAN, K., VERNA, R. ve LIU, Y. (2012), CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Trade and Income: A Comparative Analysis of China and India, Energy Policy, 42, 450-460.JOHANSEN, S. ve JUSELIUS, K. (1990), Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inferences on Cointegration, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.KATIRCIOGLU, S.T. (2014), International Tourism, Energy Consumption and Environmental Pollution: The Case of Turkey, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36, 180-187.KATIRCIOGLU, S.T. ve TASPINAR, N. (2017), Testing the Moderating Role of Financial Development in an Environmental Kuznets Curve: Empirical Evidence from Turkey, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68, 572-586.KAYGUSUZ, K. (2010), Sustainable Energy, Environmental and Agricultural Policies in Turkey, Energy Conversion and Management, 51, 1075-1084. KESKİNGÖZ, H. ve KARAMELİKLİ, H. (2015), Dış Ticaret, Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyümenin CO2 Emisyonu Üzerine Etkisi, Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9, 7-17.KIZILKAYA, O., SOFUOĞLU, E. ve ÇOBAN, O. (2016), Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi ve Çevre Kirliliği Analizi: Türkiye Örneği, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 255-272.LOPEZ, R. (1994), The Environment as a Factor of Production: The Effects of Economic Growth and Trade Liberalization, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27,163-184.NASIR, M. ve Ur REHMAN, F. (2011). Enviromental Kuznets Curve for Carbon Emissions in Pakistan: An Empirical Investigation, Energy Policy, 39(3), 1857-1864.NG, S. ve PERRON, P. (2001), Lag Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power, Econometrica, 69(6), 1519-1554.OOMS, D.L. ve PERLINGS, J.H. (2005), Effects of EU Daily Policy Reform for Dutch Dairy Farming: A Primal Approach Using GMM Estimation, European Review of Agricultural Economics, 32(4), 517-537.OZTURK, I. ve ACARAVCI, A. (2013), The Long-run and Causal Analysis of Energy, Growth, Openness and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions in Turkey, Energy Economics, 36, 262-267.OZCAN, B. (2013), The Nexus between Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Middle East Countries: A Panel Data Analysis, Energy Policy, 62, 1138-1147. PAO, H-T., YU, H-C. ve YANG, Y-H. (2011), Modeling the CO2 Emissions, Energy Use, and Economic Growth in Russia, Energy, 36, 5094-5100.PHILLIPS, P. ve PERRON, P. (1988), Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression, Biometrica, 75(2), 335-346.PHILLIPS, P.C.B. ve OULIARIS, S. (1990), Asymptotic Properties of Residual based Tests for Cointegration, Econometrica, 58, 165-193.ROBALINO-LOPEZ, A., MENA-NIETO, A., GARCIA-RAMOS, J.E. ve GOLPE, A.A. (2015), Studying the Relationship between Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions, and the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Venezuela (1980-2015), Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, 41, 602-614.SABOORI, B. ve SULAIMAN, J. (2013), CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Countries: A Cointegration Approach, Energy, 55, 813-822.SAIKKONEN, P. (1991), Asymptotically Efficient Estimation of Cointegration Regressions, Econometric Theory, 7, 1-21.SAY, N.P. ve YUCEL, M. (2006), Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Turkey: Empirical Analysis and Future Projection based on an Economic Growth, Energy Policy, 34, 3870-3876.SEKER, F., ERTUGRUL, H.M. ve CETIN, M. (2015), The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Enviromental Quality: A Bounds Testing and Causality Analysis for Turkey, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356. SHAHBAZ, M., TIWARI, A.K. ve NASIR, M. (2013a), The Effects of Financial Development, Economic Growth, Coal Consumption and Trade Openness on CO2 Emissions in South Africa, Energy Policy, 61, 1452-1459.SHAHBAZ, M., HYE, Q.M.A., TIWARI, A.K. ve LEITAO, N.C. (2013b). Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, International Trade and CO2 Emissions in Indonesia, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20, 109-121.SHAHBAZ, M., SOLARIN, S.A., SBIA, R. ve BIBI, S. (2015), Does Energy Intensity Contribute to CO2 Emissions? A Trivariate Analysis in Selected African Countries, Ecological Indicators, 50, 215-224.SHAHZAD, S.J.H., KUMAR, R.R., ZAKARIA, M. ve HURR, M. (2017), Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption, Trade Openness and Financial Development in Pakistan: A Revisit, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 185-192.SOLARIN, S.A., Al MULALI, U., MUSAH, I. ve OZTURK, I. (2017), Investigating the Pollution Haven Hypothesis in Ghana: An Empirical Investigation, Energy, 124, 706-719.STOCK, J.H. ve WATSON, M. (1993), A Simple Estimator of Cointegrating Vectors in Higher Order Integrated Systems, Econometrica, 61, 783-820.SUGIAWAN, Y. ve MANAGI, S. (2016), The Environmental Kuznets Curve in Indonesia: Exploring the Potential of Renewable Energy, Energy Policy, 98, 187-198.SUN, C., ZHANG, F. ve XU, M. (2017), Investigation of Pollution Haven Hypothesis for China: An ARDL Approach with Breakpoint Unit Root Tests, Journal of Cleaner Production, 161, 153-164.TIWARI, A.K., SHAHBAZ, M. ve HYE, Q.M.A. (2013), The Enviromental Kuznets Curve and the Role of Coal Consumption in India: Cointegration and Causality Analysis in an Open Economy, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 519-527.TUTULMAZ, O. (2015), Environmental Kuznets Curve Time Series Application for Turkey: Why Controversial Results Exist for Similar Models?, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 73-81.UYSAL, D. ve YAPRAKLI, H. (2016), Kişi Başına Düşen Gelir, Enerji Tüketimi ve Karbondioksit (CO2) Emisyonu Arasındaki İlişkinin Yapısal Kırılmalar Altında Analizi: Türkiye Örneği, Selçuk Üniversitesi İİBF Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 31, 186-202.WIVANDA, R.E., TURNER, P.M. ve HALL, M.J.M. (2011), Expectations and The Inertia of Inflation: The Case of Indonesia, Journal of Policy Modeling, 33, 426-438.WORLD BANK WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS DATABASE (2017), http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.YAN, Y.F. ve YANG, L.K. (2010), China’s Foreign Trade and Climate Change: A Case Study of CO2 Emissions, Energy Policy, 8(1), 350-356.YAVUZ, N.C. (2014), CO2 Emission, Energy Consumption, and Economic Growth for Turkey: Evidence from a Cointegration Test with a Structural Break, Energy Sources, Part B, 9, 229-235.
THE IMPACT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION ON CARBON EMISSIONS IN TURKISH ECONOMY
Yıl 2018,
, 169 - 186, 30.06.2018
Murat Çetin
,
Özge Yüksel
Öz
The
main aim of this study is to emprically investigate the impact of energy
consumption on carbon emissions in Turkish economy over the period of 1960-2014
in the context of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Based on the
existing literature, economic growth, trade openness and financial development
are added to the empirical models as other independent variables. The
stationarity properties of the variables are conducted by the Ng-Perron and PP
tests. The presence of cointegration between the variables is analyzed by the
Johansen-Juselius and Phillips-Ouliaris tests. The long run parameters are
estimated by the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and Dynamic OLS (DOLS)
estimators. Empirical results indicate that the variables are stationary at
their first difference and cointegrated. The presence of EKC hypothesis is
confirmed for Turkish economy. Empirical results also indicate that energy
consumption increases carbon emissions. The study can provide important policy
implications for Turkish economy.
Kaynakça
- AHMAD, N., DU, L., LU, J., WANG, J., LI, H-Z. ve HASHMI, M.Z. (2017), Modelling the CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth in Croatia: Is there any Environmental Kuznets Curve?, Energy, 123, 164-172. AKBOSTANCI, E., TURUT-ASIK, S. ve TUNC, G.İ. (2009), The Relationship between Income and Environment in Turkey: Is there an Environmental Kuznets Curve?, Energy Policy, 37, 861-867. ALI, W., ABDULLAH, A. ve AZAM, M. (2017), Re-visiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Malaysia: Fresh Evidence from ARDL Bounds Testing Approach, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 990-1000. ALTINTAŞ, H. (2013), Türkiye’de Birincil Enerji Tüketimi, Karbondioksit Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 8(1), 263-294. ANTWEILER, W., COPELAND, B. ve TAYLOR, M.S. (2001), Is Free Trade good for the Environment?, American Economic Review, 91(4), 877-908. APERGIS, N. ve OZTURK, I. (2015), Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Asian Countries, Ecological Indicators, 52, 16-22. BAEK, J. (2015), Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions: The Case of Arctic Countries, Energy Economics, 50, 13-17. BOUTABBA, M. A. (2014), The Impact of Financial Development, Income, Energy and Trade on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from the Indian Economy, Economic Modelling, 40, 33-41. BAŞAR, S. ve TEMURLENK, M.S. (2007), Çevreye Uyarlanmış Kuznets Eğrisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 1-12. BOZKURT, C. ve OKUMUŞ, İ. (2015), Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi, Ticari Serbestleşme ve Nüfus Yoğunluğunun CO2 Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkileri: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(32), 23-35. BÖLÜK, G. ve MERT, M. (2015), The Renewable Energy, Growth and Enviromental Kuznets Curve in Turkey: An ARDL Approach, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 587-595. BP (2017), BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 66th Edition. BURCK, J., MARTEN, F., BALS, C. ve HOHNE, N. (2018), Climate Change Performance Index, Results-2018.COONDOO, D. ve DINDA, S. (2008), The Carbondioxide Emissions and Income: A Temporal Analysis of Cross-country Distributional Patterns, Ecological Economics, 265, 375-385. ÇETİN, M. ve SEKER, F. (2014), Ekonomik Büyüme ve Dış Ticaretin Çevre Kirliliği Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye İçin Bir ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı, Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 213-230.De VITA, G., KATIRCIOGLU, S., ALTINAY, L., FETHI, S. ve MERCAN, M. (2015), Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in a Tourism Development Context, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 16652-16663. ELLIOTT, G., ROTHENBERG, T.J. ve STOCK, J.H. (1996), Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root, Econometrica, 64(4), 813-836. ERTUGRUL, H.M., CETIN, M., SEKER, F. ve DOGAN, E. (2016), The Impact of Trade Openness on Global Carbondioxide Emissions: Evidence from the Top Ten Emitters among Developed Counties, Ecological Indicators, 67, 543-555. FARHANI, S. ve REJEB, J.B. (2012), Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Panel Data for MENA Region, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2(2), 71-81.FARHANI, S. ve OZTURK, I. (2015), Causal Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Real GDP, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, Trade Openness and Urbanization in Tunisia, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(20), 15663-15676. GOJAYEV, Z., SARMIDI, T. ve SALLEH, N.H.M. (2012), Economic Development, CO2 Emissions and Fossil Fuels Consumption in Turkey: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach, Journal of Academic Researh in Economics, 4(3), 257-271. GOKMENOGLU, K. ve TASPINAR, N. (2016), The Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and FDI: The Case of Turkey, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25(5), 706-723.GROSSMAN, G. ve KRUGER, A. (1995), Economic Growth and the Environment, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377. HALICIOGLU, F. (2009), An Econometric Study of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey, Energy Policy, 37, 1156-1164. HAMIT-HAGGAR, M. (2012), Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: A Panel Cointegration Analysis from Canadian Industrial Sector Perspective, Energy Economics, 34, 358-364.HANSEN, L.P. (1982), Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators, Econometrica, 50(4), 1029-1054. HE, J. ve RICHARD, P. (2010), Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 in Canada, Ecological Economics, 69, 1083-1093. HORTON, J.B., KEITH, D.W. ve HONEGGER, M. (2016), Implications of the Paris Agreement for Carbon Dioxide Removal and Solar Geoengineering, Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Harvard Kennedy School.JALIL, A. ve FERIDUN, M. (2011), The Impact of Growth, Energy and Financial Development on the Environment in China: A Cointegration Analysis, Energy Economics, 33(2), 284-291. JAYANTHAKUMARAN, K., VERNA, R. ve LIU, Y. (2012), CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Trade and Income: A Comparative Analysis of China and India, Energy Policy, 42, 450-460.JOHANSEN, S. ve JUSELIUS, K. (1990), Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inferences on Cointegration, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.KATIRCIOGLU, S.T. (2014), International Tourism, Energy Consumption and Environmental Pollution: The Case of Turkey, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36, 180-187.KATIRCIOGLU, S.T. ve TASPINAR, N. (2017), Testing the Moderating Role of Financial Development in an Environmental Kuznets Curve: Empirical Evidence from Turkey, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68, 572-586.KAYGUSUZ, K. (2010), Sustainable Energy, Environmental and Agricultural Policies in Turkey, Energy Conversion and Management, 51, 1075-1084. KESKİNGÖZ, H. ve KARAMELİKLİ, H. (2015), Dış Ticaret, Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyümenin CO2 Emisyonu Üzerine Etkisi, Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9, 7-17.KIZILKAYA, O., SOFUOĞLU, E. ve ÇOBAN, O. (2016), Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi ve Çevre Kirliliği Analizi: Türkiye Örneği, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 255-272.LOPEZ, R. (1994), The Environment as a Factor of Production: The Effects of Economic Growth and Trade Liberalization, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27,163-184.NASIR, M. ve Ur REHMAN, F. (2011). Enviromental Kuznets Curve for Carbon Emissions in Pakistan: An Empirical Investigation, Energy Policy, 39(3), 1857-1864.NG, S. ve PERRON, P. (2001), Lag Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power, Econometrica, 69(6), 1519-1554.OOMS, D.L. ve PERLINGS, J.H. (2005), Effects of EU Daily Policy Reform for Dutch Dairy Farming: A Primal Approach Using GMM Estimation, European Review of Agricultural Economics, 32(4), 517-537.OZTURK, I. ve ACARAVCI, A. (2013), The Long-run and Causal Analysis of Energy, Growth, Openness and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions in Turkey, Energy Economics, 36, 262-267.OZCAN, B. (2013), The Nexus between Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Middle East Countries: A Panel Data Analysis, Energy Policy, 62, 1138-1147. PAO, H-T., YU, H-C. ve YANG, Y-H. (2011), Modeling the CO2 Emissions, Energy Use, and Economic Growth in Russia, Energy, 36, 5094-5100.PHILLIPS, P. ve PERRON, P. (1988), Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression, Biometrica, 75(2), 335-346.PHILLIPS, P.C.B. ve OULIARIS, S. (1990), Asymptotic Properties of Residual based Tests for Cointegration, Econometrica, 58, 165-193.ROBALINO-LOPEZ, A., MENA-NIETO, A., GARCIA-RAMOS, J.E. ve GOLPE, A.A. (2015), Studying the Relationship between Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions, and the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Venezuela (1980-2015), Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, 41, 602-614.SABOORI, B. ve SULAIMAN, J. (2013), CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Countries: A Cointegration Approach, Energy, 55, 813-822.SAIKKONEN, P. (1991), Asymptotically Efficient Estimation of Cointegration Regressions, Econometric Theory, 7, 1-21.SAY, N.P. ve YUCEL, M. (2006), Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Turkey: Empirical Analysis and Future Projection based on an Economic Growth, Energy Policy, 34, 3870-3876.SEKER, F., ERTUGRUL, H.M. ve CETIN, M. (2015), The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Enviromental Quality: A Bounds Testing and Causality Analysis for Turkey, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356. SHAHBAZ, M., TIWARI, A.K. ve NASIR, M. (2013a), The Effects of Financial Development, Economic Growth, Coal Consumption and Trade Openness on CO2 Emissions in South Africa, Energy Policy, 61, 1452-1459.SHAHBAZ, M., HYE, Q.M.A., TIWARI, A.K. ve LEITAO, N.C. (2013b). Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, International Trade and CO2 Emissions in Indonesia, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20, 109-121.SHAHBAZ, M., SOLARIN, S.A., SBIA, R. ve BIBI, S. (2015), Does Energy Intensity Contribute to CO2 Emissions? A Trivariate Analysis in Selected African Countries, Ecological Indicators, 50, 215-224.SHAHZAD, S.J.H., KUMAR, R.R., ZAKARIA, M. ve HURR, M. (2017), Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption, Trade Openness and Financial Development in Pakistan: A Revisit, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 185-192.SOLARIN, S.A., Al MULALI, U., MUSAH, I. ve OZTURK, I. (2017), Investigating the Pollution Haven Hypothesis in Ghana: An Empirical Investigation, Energy, 124, 706-719.STOCK, J.H. ve WATSON, M. (1993), A Simple Estimator of Cointegrating Vectors in Higher Order Integrated Systems, Econometrica, 61, 783-820.SUGIAWAN, Y. ve MANAGI, S. 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