The journal accepts manuscript submissions only in English. Submissions in any other language will not be considered.
Our guidelines are detailed in the GUIDE FOR AUTHORS-PDF file.
Upon initial submission of your manuscript, we request three separate files from you. The first is the FULL TEXT FILE of your manuscript; prepare this file using TEMPLATE. This file should not contain any information that could identify author(s) (such as author names, which project the article was supported by, which institution the article was studied at, which paper/thesis it is derived from, etc.). The second file is the APPLICANT INFORMATION FILE. All information about the author(s) and the article should be included here. The third file is the COPYRIGHT, CONFLICT OF INTEREST AND AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT FORM. You can download all the necessary files from the links below.
(NOTE: For studies that require an Ethics Committee Decision, the Ethics Committee Approval Document should also be included as the fourth file in the application.)
GUIDE FOR AUTHORS (download-PDF)
(Download this PDF file to see detailed writing rules)
FILES TO BE UPLOADED TO THE DERGIPARK SYSTEM DURING THE SUBMISSION PROCESS
FULL TEXT FILE (download-TEMPLATE)
APPLICANT INFORMATION FILE (download)
DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT, CONFLICT OF INTEREST AND AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION RATE (download)
Aşağıdaki hususlara önem verdiğimizi açıkça belirtmek üzere, buradaki açıklamalarımız hem İngilizce hem de Türkçe dillerinde eklenmiştir.
Yazım Kuralları sayfamızda belirttiğimiz kurallara riayet edilmesi gerektiğini vurgulamak istiyoruz. ŞABLON dosyamızın bazı alanları, yazarlar tarafından değişikliğe uğratılmaması için özellikle kilitlenmiştir. Bu kilit, yazarların sadece metinlerini ve kaynakçalarını eklemelerine, diğer alanlarda değişiklik yapmamalarına yaramaktadır. Böylelikle hem tüm makaleler arasında şekilsel bir bütünlük sağlanmakta, hem de yazarlara ait bilgilerin hakemlere aktarılmasının önüne geçmektedir.Aşağıdaki ihlâllerin olması durumunda makale başvuruları, içeriklerine bakılmadan, doğrudan reddedilmektedir:
- Yazım Kuralları sayfasında sunulan ŞABLON dosyası kullanılmamışsa (ya da şablon dosyasının kilidi kaldırılmışsa),
- ŞABLON dosyasında özelleştirilen STİLLER metin üzerinde uygulanmamışsa (Normal metin için, başlıklar için, uzun alıntılar için, tablo başlıkları ve açıklamaları için vs. ayrı ayrı STİLLER atanmıştır. Metni seçip STİLLER'den ilgili olana tıkladığınızda, makalenizin YAZIM KURALLARIMIZ çerçevesinde düzenlenmesini kolaylıkla gerçekleştirebilirsiniz. Ayrıntılı bilgi ve örnekler ŞABLON dosyasında mevcuttur.)
- Çalışma Etik Kurul İzni gerektirdiği (anket, mülakat, odak grup çalışması içeren araştırmalar) hâlde bu izni gösteren bir belge eklenmemişse,
- Benzerlik Raporu %20'nin üzerindeyse,
- Yapay Zeka (AI) araçları kullanılmış, ancak bunların ne amaçla kullanıldığına dair açıklama Applicant Information Form'da belirtilmemişse,
- Metinde atıf yapılmayan kaynağa Kaynakça'da yer verilmişse,
- Metinde atıf yapılan kaynağa Kaynakça'da yer verilmemişse,
- Kaynakça'da APA7 kurallarına riayet edilmemişse, ya da, Kaynakça özensiz hazırlanmışsa.
To underscore the importance we place on the following issues, we have provided our explanations in both English and Turkish.
We would like to emphasize that adherence to the guidelines specified on our Writing Rules page is mandatory. Some areas of our TEMPLATE file are specifically locked to prevent changes by the authors. This lock allows authors to add only their text and references and not make changes to other areas. In this way, a formal integrity is ensured between all articles and it prevents the referees from viewing the author information.In case of the following violations, article submissions will be rejected outright, regardless of their content:
- The TEMPLATE file provided on the Writing Rules page has not been utilized (or if the template file is unlocked).
- The predefined STYLES in the TEMPLATE file have not been applied to the manuscript. (Specific STYLES have been designated for various elements, including body text, headings, block quotations, table titles and descriptions. By selecting the relevant sections of text and applying the corresponding STYLE, you can easily format your article in accordance with our WRITING RULES. Detailed instructions and examples are provided in the TEMPLATE file.)
- The study necessitates Ethics Committee Approval (e.g., for surveys, interviews, or focus group studies), but the corresponding approval document has not been attached.
- The Similarity Report indicates a similarity index exceeding 20%.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools have been used, but the explanation of the purpose for which they were used has not been specified in the Applicant Information Form.
- A source not cited in the text is included in the References.
- A source cited in the text is absent from the References.
- The References do not conform to APA 7th edition guidelines or have been prepared carelessly.
WRITING RULES
The publication language of the journal is English. Do not add Turkish abstract on your manuscript file.
During the application phase, the system also requires the Turkish titles, summaries, and keywords of the articles. You must copy and paste the English title, summary, and keywords of your article into the corresponding "Turkish" section exactly as they appear; no translation needed.
Only original research articles are published in the journal; review articles, commentaries, translation articles and book reviews are out of the scope of the journal.
An author whose article has been published may apply for a new submission only after at least one calendar year has passed since the publication date of the previous article (this rule also applies to articles with more than one authors).
Manuscripts must not have been previously published elsewhere or submitted for consideration for publication elsewhere.
The maximum word limit (excluding references) is 8,000 words.
In order for your manuscript to be considered, it must be prepared using our journal's TEMPLATE.
The template file, which you need to download and adjust your manuscript on, will help you to prepare your article according to the spelling rules of our journal. Prepare your full text file by editing the TEMPLATE.
Important: Some specific sections of the TEMPLATE file are locked for editing. Refrain from attempting to unlock the TEMPLATE file or making any changes in the locked parts of the TEMPLATE (author information, volume/issue number, explanation about the article, etc.).
Manuscripts that do not comply with our writing rules will be rejected without initiating the referee process.
Main text should be written with Times New Roman in 11 pt. You can find different ready-styles from the Styles section under the Home tab in MS Word.
A REMINDER: We would like to remind you that we actively check and scan manuscripts for the use of Artificial Intelligence tools. Please ensure you review the section below regarding the Use of Artificial Intelligence. (If you use an AI tool for generating images or graphics, or for enhancing spelling and grammar, please provide a clear and comprehensive explanation regarding the usage of AI tools in your manuscript and in your Applicant Information Form.)
COMMON MISTAKES
We've noticed recurring errors on certain issues that can slow down the process. To expedite the pre-evaluation process, please take note of the following:
Bibliography Accuracy
We attach great importance to the references section, therefore we examine it carefully. Ensure adherence to our citation guidelines.
- Italicize relevant sections as required. For article sources, italicize both the journal title and volume number.
- Provide DOI numbers in the correct way.
- FALSE: DOI: 10.30798/makuiibf.1097392;
- CORRECT: https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1097392
- Do not add any URLs other than DOI in article sources.
- Do not add "publisher location" in book sources.
- For theses accessed from 'https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/', categorize them as 'unpublished theses'.
- Exclude Turkish expressions from the bibliography. For example, use "[Unpublished master's thesis]" rather than "[Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]".
Table Preparation: Follow the guidelines outlined in the GUIDE FOR AUTHORS file for table formatting.
MS Word STYLES (STİLLER) Usage: Utilize the predefined STYLES provided in the TEMPLATE file. Assign the NORMAL style for regular text.
Heading Styles: Ensure the correct STYLE (STİL) is applied to your headings, such as Heading1 for primary headings and Heading2 for secondary headings.
About page numbers for in-text references: Use "p." for a specific page; and use "pp." for multiple pages.
False: (Ortaylı, 2024: 52) Correct: (Ortaylı, 2024, p. 52)
False: (Erdem, 2001: 11-13) Correct: (Erdem, 2001, pp. 11-13)
To format your text with shortcuts in the template, you can use these shortcuts:
Normal Text: CTRL+ALT+N
Italic (Italic) Text: CTRL+ALT+T
Bold Text: CTRL+ALT+K
Abstract Title: CTRL+ALT+W
Abstract: CTRL+ALT+L
Keywords: CTRL+ALT+X
Long Quote Text: CTRL+ALT+A
Heading 1: CTRL+ALT+1
Heading 2: CTRL+ALT+2
Heading 3: CTRL+ALT+3
Heading 4: CTRL+ALT+4
Title of Table/Figure etc.: CTRL+ALT+B
Source of Table/Figure etc.: CTRL+ALT+J
10 Points in Table: CTRL+ALT+0 (Zero)
9 Points in Table: CTRL+ALT+9
8 Points in Table: CTRL+ALT+8
- The title of manuscript should not exceed 150 characters including spaces.
- Authors’ names and affiliations should be listed in the Applicant Information file.
- The abstract should not exceed 300 words and should concisely outline the objectives and results of the study.
- Each submission must include 3 to 8 keywords. Keywords should be separated by commas and should not include acronyms. Each keyword should begin with a capital letter.
- Citation and referencing should follow APA 7 rules. The last section of this page shows different examples and details about APA 7 style. Click here for more information and examples of APA 7 rules: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples
- It is important that all information in the APPLICANT INFORMATION FILE is complete and understandable.
- COPYRIGHT, CONFLICT OF INTEREST AND AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION FORM must be signed by all authors, scanned, and uploaded to the system during the submission process. For article submissions with more than one author, this form may be signed and scanned separately by each author and uploaded to the system during the submission process.
Ethics Committee Approval
For studies that require Ethics Committee Approval, Ethics Committee Approval must be obtained, stated in the article, and documented during the submission process.
Therefore, for articles that require ethics committee approval, 4 (four) separate files (1. full text file, 2. applicant information form, 3. Copyright, Conflict of Interest and Author Contribution Rate Declaration Form, 4. document showing ethics committee approval) must be uploaded during the submission.
Since the ethics committee approval document must be obtained from the relevant institutions before the research can be started, our journal does not provide a ready-made form for this purpose.
The types of research that require Ethics Committee Approval are as follows:
● All types of research conducted with qualitative or quantitative approaches that require data collection from participants using survey, interview, focus group study, observation, experiment, interview techniques
● The use of humans and animals (including materials/data) for experimental or other scientific purposes.
● Human clinical trials
● Animal research
● Retrospective studies in accordance with the personal data protection act .
Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Regarding the use of AI in scientific studies, the Journal agrees with COPE’s statement (https://publicationethics.org/cope-position-statements/ai-author) on that manner: “The use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as ChatGPT or Large Language Models in research publications is expanding rapidly. COPE joins organisations, such as WAME and the JAMA Network among others, to state that AI tools cannot be listed as an author of a paper. AI tools cannot meet the requirements for authorship as they cannot take responsibility for the submitted work. As non-legal entities, they cannot assert the presence or absence of conflicts of interest nor manage copyright and license agreements. Authors who use AI tools in the writing of a manuscript, production of images or graphical elements of the paper, or in the collection and analysis of data, must be transparent in disclosing in the Materials and Methods (or similar section) of the paper how the AI tool was used and which tool was used. Authors are fully responsible for the content of their manuscript, even those parts produced by an AI tool, and are thus liable for any breach of publication ethics.”
Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty strictly prohibits any section of an article from being authored, either wholly or in part, by Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools. The Journal does not accept manuscripts that are composed, either in part or wholly, utilizing Artificial Intelligence tools.
AI tools may, however, be employed for purposes such as generating images or graphics, enhancing spelling and grammar, and augmenting the overall readability of the article. In such instances, authors are required to provide a clear and comprehensive elucidation regarding the application of AI tools in their work. It is paramount to emphasize that the author(s) bear full responsibility for the authenticity and originality of the content produced.
Important Note about AI Using: If you have used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools under the conditions permitted by our journal (such as generating graphics or language polishing), please indicate this in the "Other information" box in the APPLICANT INFORMATION FORM. Otherwise, if the use of Artificial Intelligence tools is detected, your application will be rejected outright.
THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES PRESENT HOW MULTIPLE PUBLICATIONS
SHOULD BE CITED IN THE REFERENCE LIST
The following examples and notes are from APA's official website.
For more information and details, please visit the link:
A. BOOK/E-BOOK REFERENCES
Use the same formats for both print books and e-books. The basics of the format is shown in the image below.A.1. WHOLE AUTHORED BOOK
• Provide the author, year of publication, title, and publisher of the book. Use the same format for both print books and ebooks.
• Use the copyright date shown on the book’s copyright page as the year of publication in the reference, even if the copyright date is different than the release date.
• Include any edition information in parentheses after the title, without italics.
• If the book includes a DOI, include the DOI in the reference after the publisher name.
• Do not include the publisher location.
• If the ebook without a DOI has a stable URL that will resolve for readers, include the URL of the book in the reference (as in the Svendsen and Løber example, which is from the iBog database, where ebooks are referred to as “internetbooks”). Do not include the name of the database in the reference.
• If the ebook is from an academic research database and has no DOI or stable URL, end the book reference after the publisher name. Do not include the name of the database in the reference. The reference in this case is the same as for a print book.
• Use the copyright date shown on the book’s copyright page as the year of publication in the reference, even if the copyright date is different than the release date.
• Include any edition information in parentheses after the title, without italics.
• If the book includes a DOI, include the DOI in the reference after the publisher name.
• Do not include the publisher location.
• If the ebook without a DOI has a stable URL that will resolve for readers, include the URL of the book in the reference (as in the Svendsen and Løber example, which is from the iBog database, where ebooks are referred to as “internetbooks”). Do not include the name of the database in the reference.
• If the ebook is from an academic research database and has no DOI or stable URL, end the book reference after the publisher name. Do not include the name of the database in the reference. The reference in this case is the same as for a print book.
A. 2. WHOLE EDITED BOOK
• Use the abbreviation “(Ed.)” for one editor and the abbreviation “(Eds.)” for multiple editors after the editor names, followed by a period. In the case of multiple editors, include the role once, after all the names.
• Include any edition information in parentheses after the title, without italics.
• If the book includes a DOI, include the DOI in the reference after the publisher name.
• Do not include the publisher location.
• If the ebook without a DOI has a stable URL that will resolve for readers, include the URL of the book in the reference (as in the Hygum and Pedersen example, which is from the iBog database). Do not include the name of the database in the reference.
• If the e-book is from an academic research database and has no DOI or stable URL, end the book reference after the publisher name. Do not include the name of the database in the reference. The reference in this case is the same as for a print book.
• Include any edition information in parentheses after the title, without italics.
• If the book includes a DOI, include the DOI in the reference after the publisher name.
• Do not include the publisher location.
• If the ebook without a DOI has a stable URL that will resolve for readers, include the URL of the book in the reference (as in the Hygum and Pedersen example, which is from the iBog database). Do not include the name of the database in the reference.
• If the e-book is from an academic research database and has no DOI or stable URL, end the book reference after the publisher name. Do not include the name of the database in the reference. The reference in this case is the same as for a print book.
A. 3. CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Use the same formats for both print and e-book edited book chapters.NOTE: Do not create references for chapters of authored books. Instead, write a reference for the whole authored book and cite the chapter in the text if desired.
Parenthetical citation of a chapter of an authored book: (McEwen & Wills, 2014, Chapter 16, p. 363)
Narrative citation of a chapter of an authored book: McEwen and Wills (2014, Chapter 16, p. 363)
• Use this format for both print and e-book edited book chapters, including edited book chapters from academic research databases.
• If the chapter has a DOI, include the chapter DOI in the reference after the publisher name.
• Do not include the publisher location.
• If a chapter without a DOI has a stable URL that will resolve for readers, include the URL of the chapter in the reference (as in the Thestrup example, which is from the iBog database). Do not include the name of the database in the reference.
• If the chapter is from an academic research database and has no DOI or stable URL, end the book reference after the publisher name. Do not include the name of the database in the reference. The reference in this case is the same as for a print book chapter.
• Include any edition information in the same parentheses as the page range of the chapter, separated with a comma.
• For e-book chapters without pagination, omit the page range from the reference (as in the Thestrup example).
• If the chapter has a DOI, include the chapter DOI in the reference after the publisher name.
• Do not include the publisher location.
• If a chapter without a DOI has a stable URL that will resolve for readers, include the URL of the chapter in the reference (as in the Thestrup example, which is from the iBog database). Do not include the name of the database in the reference.
• If the chapter is from an academic research database and has no DOI or stable URL, end the book reference after the publisher name. Do not include the name of the database in the reference. The reference in this case is the same as for a print book chapter.
• Include any edition information in the same parentheses as the page range of the chapter, separated with a comma.
• For e-book chapters without pagination, omit the page range from the reference (as in the Thestrup example).
B. JOURNAL & NEWSPAPER ARTICLE REFERENCES
Use the same formats for both print and electronic journal articles. The basics of the format is shown in the image below.
B. 1. PRINT JOURNAL OR E-JOURNAL ARTICLES
• If a journal article has a DOI, include the DOI in the reference.
• Always include the issue number for a journal article.
• If the journal article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database, end the reference after the page range (for an explanation of why, see the database information page). The reference in this case is the same as for a print journal article.
• Do not include database information in the reference unless the journal article comes from a database that publishes works of limited circulation or original, proprietary content, such as UpToDate.
• If the journal article does not have a DOI but does have a URL that will resolve for readers (e.g., it is from an online journal that is not part of a database), include the URL of the article at the end of the reference.
• Always include the issue number for a journal article.
• If the journal article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database, end the reference after the page range (for an explanation of why, see the database information page). The reference in this case is the same as for a print journal article.
• Do not include database information in the reference unless the journal article comes from a database that publishes works of limited circulation or original, proprietary content, such as UpToDate.
• If the journal article does not have a DOI but does have a URL that will resolve for readers (e.g., it is from an online journal that is not part of a database), include the URL of the article at the end of the reference.
B. 2. JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH MISSING INFORMATION
• If the journal does not use volume, issue, and/or article or page numbers, omit the missing element(s) from the reference.
• If the journal is published quarterly and the month or season (Fall, Winter, Spring, Summer) is noted, include that with the date element; see the Lipscomb example.
• If the volume, issue, and/or article or page numbers have simply not yet been assigned, use the format for an advance online publication (see Example 7 in the Publication Manual) or an in-press article (see Example 8 in the Publication Manual).
• If the journal is published quarterly and the month or season (Fall, Winter, Spring, Summer) is noted, include that with the date element; see the Lipscomb example.
• If the volume, issue, and/or article or page numbers have simply not yet been assigned, use the format for an advance online publication (see Example 7 in the Publication Manual) or an in-press article (see Example 8 in the Publication Manual).
B. 3. NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
• In the source element of the reference, provide at minimum the title of the newspaper in italic title case.
• If the newspaper article is from an online newspaper that has a URL that will resolve for readers (as in the Carey example), include the URL of the article at the end of the reference. If volume, issue, and/or page numbers for the article are missing, omit these elements from the reference.
• If you used a print version of the newspaper article (as in the Harlan example), provide the page or pages of the article after the newspaper title. Do not include the abbreviations “p.” or “pp.” before the page(s).
• If the newspaper article is from an academic research database, provide the title of the newspaper and any volume, issue, and/or page numbers that are available for the article. Do not include database information in the reference. If the article does not have volume, issue, or page numbers available, the reference in this case ends with the title of the newspaper (as in the Stobbe example).
• If the article is from a news website (e.g., CNN, HuffPost)—one that does not have an associated daily or weekly newspaper—use the format for a webpage on a news website instead.
• If the newspaper article is from an online newspaper that has a URL that will resolve for readers (as in the Carey example), include the URL of the article at the end of the reference. If volume, issue, and/or page numbers for the article are missing, omit these elements from the reference.
• If you used a print version of the newspaper article (as in the Harlan example), provide the page or pages of the article after the newspaper title. Do not include the abbreviations “p.” or “pp.” before the page(s).
• If the newspaper article is from an academic research database, provide the title of the newspaper and any volume, issue, and/or page numbers that are available for the article. Do not include database information in the reference. If the article does not have volume, issue, or page numbers available, the reference in this case ends with the title of the newspaper (as in the Stobbe example).
• If the article is from a news website (e.g., CNN, HuffPost)—one that does not have an associated daily or weekly newspaper—use the format for a webpage on a news website instead.
B. 4. MAGAZINE ARTICLE REFERENCES
• If a magazine article has a DOI, include the DOI in the reference (as in the Schaefer and Shapiro example).
• If the magazine article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database, end the reference after the page range (as in the Lyons example). Do not include database information in the reference. The reference in this case is the same as for a print magazine article.
• If the magazine article does not have a DOI but does have a URL that will resolve for readers (e.g., it is from an online magazine that is not part of a database), include the URL of the article at the end of the reference (as in the Schulman example).
• If the magazine article does not have volume, issue, and/or page numbers (e.g., because it is from an online magazine), omit the missing elements from the reference (as in the Schulman example).
• If the magazine article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database, end the reference after the page range (as in the Lyons example). Do not include database information in the reference. The reference in this case is the same as for a print magazine article.
• If the magazine article does not have a DOI but does have a URL that will resolve for readers (e.g., it is from an online magazine that is not part of a database), include the URL of the article at the end of the reference (as in the Schulman example).
• If the magazine article does not have volume, issue, and/or page numbers (e.g., because it is from an online magazine), omit the missing elements from the reference (as in the Schulman example).
C. CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS AND PROCEEDINGS
C. 1. CONFERENCE PRESENTATION
Author, A. (full dates of the conference). Title of the conference [Conference presentation]. Title of the event, Location of the event. URL
• Provide the names of the presenters in the author element of the reference.
• Provide the full dates of the conference in the date element of the reference.
• Describe the presentation in square brackets after the title. The description is flexible (e.g., “[Conference session],” “[Paper presentation],” “[Poster session],” “[Keynote address]”).
• Provide the name of the conference or meeting and its location in the source element of the reference.
• If video of the conference presentation is available, include a link at the end of the reference.
• Provide the full dates of the conference in the date element of the reference.
• Describe the presentation in square brackets after the title. The description is flexible (e.g., “[Conference session],” “[Paper presentation],” “[Poster session],” “[Keynote address]”).
• Provide the name of the conference or meeting and its location in the source element of the reference.
• If video of the conference presentation is available, include a link at the end of the reference.
C. 2. ABSTRACT OF A CONFERENCE PRESENTATION
Author, A. (full dates of the conference). Title of the conference [Conference presentation abstract]. Title of the event, Location of the event. URL
• To cite only the abstract of a conference presentation, include the word “abstract” as part of the bracketed description (e.g., “[Conference presentation abstract]”).
C.3. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS PUBLISHED IN A JOURNAL
Conference proceedings published in a journal follow the same format as journal articles.
C. 4. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS PUBLISHED AS A WHOLE BOOK
Conference proceedings published as a whole book follow the same format as whole edited books.C. 5. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS PUBLISHED AS A BOOK CHAPTER
The format for conference proceedings published as an edited book chapter is the same as for edited book chapters.D. DISSERTATIONS AND THESES
D. 1. PUBLISHED DISSERTATION OR THESIS REFERENCES
Author, A. (Year). Title of the dissertation or thesis (Publication No) [Doctoral dissertation / Master’s thesis]. The name of the database or repository. URL
• A dissertation or thesis is considered published when it is available from a database such as ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global or PDQT Open, an institutional repository, or an archive.
• If the database assigns publication numbers to dissertations and theses, include the publication number in parentheses after the title of the dissertation or thesis without italics.
• Include the description “Doctoral dissertation” or “Master’s thesis” followed by a comma and the name of the institution that awarded the degree. Place this information in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title and any publication number.
• In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the database, repository, or archive.
• The same format can be adapted for other published theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate (e.g., “Undergraduate honors thesis”).
• Include a URL for the dissertation or thesis if the URL will resolve for readers (as shown in the Miranda and Zambrano-Vazquez examples).
• If the database or archive requires users to log in before they can view the dissertation or thesis, meaning the URL will not work for readers, end the reference with the database name (as in the Kabir example).
• If the database assigns publication numbers to dissertations and theses, include the publication number in parentheses after the title of the dissertation or thesis without italics.
• Include the description “Doctoral dissertation” or “Master’s thesis” followed by a comma and the name of the institution that awarded the degree. Place this information in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title and any publication number.
• In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the database, repository, or archive.
• The same format can be adapted for other published theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate (e.g., “Undergraduate honors thesis”).
• Include a URL for the dissertation or thesis if the URL will resolve for readers (as shown in the Miranda and Zambrano-Vazquez examples).
• If the database or archive requires users to log in before they can view the dissertation or thesis, meaning the URL will not work for readers, end the reference with the database name (as in the Kabir example).
D. 2. UNPUBLISHED DISSERTATION OR THESIS REFERENCES
Author, A. (Year). Title of the dissertation or thesis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation / Unpublished master’s thesis]. Institution/University name.
• When a dissertation or thesis is unpublished, include the description “[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]” or “[Unpublished master’s thesis]” in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title.
• In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree.
• The same format can be adapted for other unpublished theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate.
• If you find the dissertation or thesis in a database or in a repository or archive, follow the published dissertation or thesis reference examples.
• In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree.
• The same format can be adapted for other unpublished theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate.
• If you find the dissertation or thesis in a database or in a repository or archive, follow the published dissertation or thesis reference examples.
NOTE: Theses or dissertations accessible through the CoHE Thesis Center (YÖK Tez Merkezi) online platform are categorized as "unpublished theses". Therefore, those sources should be cited accordingly.
E. ONLINE REFERENCES
Due to the frequent errors in the presentation of web sources in bibliographies, the following explanations have been added in both English and Turkish.
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E. 1. WEBPAGE ON A NEWS WEBSITE
• Use this format for articles from news websites. Common examples are BBC News, BET News, Bloomberg, CNN, HuffPost, MSNBC, Reuters, Salon, and Vox. These sites do not have associated daily or weekly newspapers.
• Use the newspaper article category for articles from newspaper websites such as The New York Times or The Washington Post.
• Provide the writer as the author.
• Provide the specific date the story was published.
• Provide the title of the news story in italic sentence case.
• List the name of the news website in the source element of the reference.
• End the reference with the URL.
• Use the newspaper article category for articles from newspaper websites such as The New York Times or The Washington Post.
• Provide the writer as the author.
• Provide the specific date the story was published.
• Provide the title of the news story in italic sentence case.
• List the name of the news website in the source element of the reference.
• End the reference with the URL.
E. 2. WEBPAGE ON A WEBSITE WITH A GOVERNMENT AGENCY GROUP AUTHOR
• For a page on a government website without individual authors, use the specific agency responsible for the webpage as the author.
• The names of parent agencies not present in the author element appear in the source element (in the example, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health). This creates concise in-text citations and complete reference list entries.
• Provide as specific a date as possible for the webpage.
• Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date in the reference.
• Do not include a date of last review in a reference because content that has been reviewed has not necessarily been changed. If a date of last review is noted on a work, ignore it for the purposes of the reference.
• Italicize the title of the webpage.
• End the reference with the URL.
• The names of parent agencies not present in the author element appear in the source element (in the example, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health). This creates concise in-text citations and complete reference list entries.
• Provide as specific a date as possible for the webpage.
• Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date in the reference.
• Do not include a date of last review in a reference because content that has been reviewed has not necessarily been changed. If a date of last review is noted on a work, ignore it for the purposes of the reference.
• Italicize the title of the webpage.
• End the reference with the URL.
E. 3. WEBPAGE ON A WEBSITE WITH AN ORGANIZATIONAL GROUP AUTHOR
• For a page from an organization’s website without individual authors, use the name of the organization as the author.
• Provide as specific a date as possible for the webpage.
• Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date in the reference.
• Do not include a date of last review in a reference because content that has been reviewed has not necessarily been changed. If a date of last review is noted on a work, ignore it for the purposes of the reference.
• Italicize the title of the webpage.
• Because the author of the webpage and the site name are the same, omit the site name from the source element to avoid repetition.
• End the reference with the URL.
• Provide as specific a date as possible for the webpage.
• Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date in the reference.
• Do not include a date of last review in a reference because content that has been reviewed has not necessarily been changed. If a date of last review is noted on a work, ignore it for the purposes of the reference.
• Italicize the title of the webpage.
• Because the author of the webpage and the site name are the same, omit the site name from the source element to avoid repetition.
• End the reference with the URL.
E. 4. WEBPAGE ON A WEBSITE WITH AN INDIVIDUAL AUTHOR
• When individual author(s) are credited on the webpage, list them as the author in the reference.
• Provide as specific a date as possible for the webpage.
• Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date in the reference.
• Do not include a date of last review in a reference because content that has been reviewed has not necessarily been changed. If a date of last review is noted on a work, ignore it for the purposes of the reference.
• Italicize the title of the webpage.
• Provide the site name in the source element of the reference.
• End the reference with the URL.
• Provide as specific a date as possible for the webpage.
• Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date in the reference.
• Do not include a date of last review in a reference because content that has been reviewed has not necessarily been changed. If a date of last review is noted on a work, ignore it for the purposes of the reference.
• Italicize the title of the webpage.
• Provide the site name in the source element of the reference.
• End the reference with the URL.
E. 5. WEBPAGE ON A WEBSITE WITH A RETRIEVAL DATE
• When contents of a page are designed to change over time but are not archived, include a retrieval date in the reference.
E. 6. WHOLE WEBSITE REFERENCES
• Do not create references or in-text citations for whole websites. To mention a website in general, and not any particular information on that site, provide the name of the website in the text and include the URL in parentheses. For example, you might mention that you used a website to create a survey: “… We created our survey using Qualtrics (https://www.qualtrics.com).”• If you are writing online, you can link the name of the site directly so that the link has descriptive text: “… We created our survey using Qualtrics.”
• To cite particular information on a website, determine the reference type (e.g., report, webpage) and then follow the appropriate format.
F. DICTIONARY / ONLINE DICTIONARY ENTRY REFERENCES
F. 1. ENTRY IN AN ONLINE DICTIONARY
• Because entries in the APA Dictionary of Psychology and Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary are updated over time and are not archived, include a retrieval date in the reference.
• The author and publisher are the same for the dictionaries in the examples, so the name appears in the author element only to avoid repetition.
• To quote a dictionary definition, view the pages on quotations and how to quote works without page numbers for guidance. Additionally, here is an example:
o Semantics refers to the “study of meanings” (Merriam-Webster, n.d., Definition 1).
• The author and publisher are the same for the dictionaries in the examples, so the name appears in the author element only to avoid repetition.
• To quote a dictionary definition, view the pages on quotations and how to quote works without page numbers for guidance. Additionally, here is an example:
o Semantics refers to the “study of meanings” (Merriam-Webster, n.d., Definition 1).
F. 2. ENTRY IN A PRINT DICTIONARY
• The author and publisher are the same for the dictionaries in the examples, so the name appears in the author element only to avoid repetition.
• Provide any edition information about the dictionary in parentheses without italics after the dictionary title.
• Provide the page number for the entry in parentheses after the title of the dictionary. When both an edition and page number are present, place them in the same set of parentheses, separated with a comma.
• Provide any edition information about the dictionary in parentheses without italics after the dictionary title.
• Provide the page number for the entry in parentheses after the title of the dictionary. When both an edition and page number are present, place them in the same set of parentheses, separated with a comma.
F. 3. WIKIPEDIA ENTRY REFERENCES
• Use this format to cite any wiki page, including pages for Wikipedia entries.
• If you are a student, ask your professor whether Wikipedia is an appropriate source for you to use in your paper. Wikipedia reports information from other sources, making it a secondary source. Many professors prefer that students cite primary sources.
• When citing Wikipedia, cite an archived version of a Wikipedia page so that readers can retrieve the version you used.
• Access the archived version on Wikipedia by selecting “View history” and then the time and date of the version you used.
• If a wiki does not provide permanent links to archived versions of the page, include the URL for the entry and a retrieval date.
• If you are a student, ask your professor whether Wikipedia is an appropriate source for you to use in your paper. Wikipedia reports information from other sources, making it a secondary source. Many professors prefer that students cite primary sources.
• When citing Wikipedia, cite an archived version of a Wikipedia page so that readers can retrieve the version you used.
• Access the archived version on Wikipedia by selecting “View history” and then the time and date of the version you used.
• If a wiki does not provide permanent links to archived versions of the page, include the URL for the entry and a retrieval date.
G. THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE
Due to the frequent errors in this category, the following explanations have been added in both English and Turkish.
Last Update Time:
April 10, 2025
