Fear, Depression and Anxiety Levels of Nurses Working in Pandemic Outpatient Clinics in the Late Period of the COVID-19 Epidemic

Öz

The primary purpose of this study is to determine the correlational and structural relationships between the fear, depression and anxiety levels of nurses working in pandemic outpatient clinics during the period when the new coronavirus epidemic was accepted by all segments of the society and learning to live with the epidemic. Hospital-based cross-sectional study design was used in the study. The research population consisted of the nurse employees of six public hospitals with at least 1500 beds operating in different regions of Istanbul. Using the online questionnaire technique, data were collected from 450 nurses who worked in the COVID-19 pandemic outpatient clinic. IBM SPSS 23 and AMOS package programs were used in the analysis of the data. It was determined that the fear (mean:2.32), depression (mean:2.56), and anxiety (mean:2.32) levels of the nurses working in the pandemic outpatient clinics were partially lower than in the previous periods of the epidemic. Structural equation analysis revealed that the positive relationship between fear, depression and anxiety related to the COVID-19 epidemic had a high and acceptable fit index. In the late period of the COVID-19 epidemic, the fear, depression and anxiety levels of nurses working in pandemic outpatient clinics have partially decreased. There are reciprocal and strong positive relationships between the levels of fear, depression and anxiety caused by COVID-19.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19
• Fear
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Nurses

COVID-19 Salgınının Geç Döneminde Pandemi Polikliniklerinde Çalışan Hemşirelerin Korku, Depresyon ve Kaygı Düzeyleri

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, yeni koronavirüs salgınının toplumun tüm kesimleri tarafından kabul edildiği ve salgınla yaşamanın öğrenildiği dönemde pandemi polikliniklerinde çalışan hemşirelerin korku, depresyon ve kaygı düzeyleri arasındaki korelasyonel ve yapısal ilişkileri tespit etmektir. Araştırmada hastane temelli kesitsel çalışma tasarımı kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini İstanbul ilinde farklı bölgelerde faaliyet gösteren en az 1500'er yataklı altı kamu hastanesinin hemşire çalışanları oluşturmuştur. Veriler çevrimiçi anket tekniği kullanılarak COVID-19 pandemi polikliniğinde çalışmış olan 450 hemşireden toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde IBM SPSS 23 ve AMOS paket programları kullanılmıştır. Pandemi polikliniklerinde çalışan hemşirelerin korku (ort:2,32), depresyon (ort:2,56) ve kaygı (ort:2,32) düzeylerinin salgının önceki dönemlerine göre kısmen daha düşük çıktığı tespit edilmiştir. Yapısal eşitlik analizi, COVID-19 salgınına ilişkin korku, depresyon ve kaygı düzeyi arasındaki pozitif ilişkinin yüksek düzeyde ve kabul edilebilir bir uyum indeksine sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. COVID-19 salgınının geç döneminde pandemi polikliniklerinde çalışan hemşirelerin korku, depresyon ve kaygı düzeyleri kısmen azalmıştır. COVID-19 kaynaklı korku, depresyon ve kaygı düzeyleri arasında karşılıklı ve güçlü pozitif ilişkiler vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19
• Korku
• Depresyon
• Kaygı
• Hemşireler

Destekleyen Kurum

Destekleyen bir kuruluş yoktur.

Kaynakça

1. Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D. & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 of COVID- 19 scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 27: 1-9.
2. Artan, T., Meydan, S. & Irmak, H. S. (2021). Turkish version of the fear of COVID-19 scale: validity and reliability study. Arch Health Sci Res, 8(2), 117-23.
3. Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J. & Lu, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. Lancet, 395: e37-8
4. Biçer, İ., Çakmak, C., Demir, H. & Kurt, M. E. (2020). Coronavirus anxiety scale short form: Turkish validity and reliability study. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25, 1.
5. Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N. et al. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395, 912-20.
6. Buhr, K. & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 931-45.
7. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2015). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. 21. Baskı. Ankara: Pegem Yayınları.
8. Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J. & Zheng J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatr Research, 287:112934.

9. Chen, Q., Liang, M., Li, Y., Guo, J., Fei, D., Wang, L., He, L., Sheng, C., Cai, Y., Li, X., Wang, J. & Zhang, Z. (2020). Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The lancet. Psychiatry, 7(4), 15–6.
10. Duan, L. & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7, 300-2.
11. Duman, N. (2020). COVID-19 fear of COVID-19 and intolerance to uncertainty in unıversity students. The Journal of Social Science, 4, 426-37.
12. Ergun, R., Ergun, D. & Ergan, B. (2016). Anxiety and depression in ICU staff. Turk J Medical Surg Intensive Care Med., 7(3), 93-98.
13. Ettman, C. K., Abdalla, S. M., Cohen, G. H., Sampson, L., Vivier, P. M. & Galea, S. (2020). Prevalence of depression symptoms in US adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 3:e2019686.
14. Gao, C., Shi, D. & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2020). Estimating the maximum likelihood root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) with non-normal data: A Monte-Carlo study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 27(2), 192-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2019.1637741
15. Garfin, D. R., Thompson, R. R. & Holman, E. A. (2018). Acute stress and subsequent health outcomes: A systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 112, 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.05.017
16. Gudi, S.K., Undela, K., Venkataraman, R., et al. (2020). Knowledge and beliefs towards universal safety precautions to flatten the curve during novel coronavirus disease (nCOVID-19) pandemic among general public in India: explorations from a national perspective. Drugs Ther Perspect, Jul 4:1-8.
17. Kapcı, E. G. (2004). The relationship between the type and frequency of bullying in elementary school students with depression, anxiety and self-esteem. Ankara University Journal of Educational Sciences, 37, 1-13.
18. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N. et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to Coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Network Open 2020;3(3):e203976.
19. Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., et al. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open, 3(3), e203976
20. Lee, S. A. (2020). Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Studies, 44(7), 393-401.
21. Leung, G. M., Ho, L. M., Chan, S. K. K., Ho, S. Y., Bacon-Shone, J., Choy, R. Y. L., Hedley, A. J., Lam, T.-H. & Fielding, R. (2005). Longitudinal assessment of community psychobehavioral responses during and after the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 40(12), 1713-1720. https://doi.org/10.1086/429923
22. Li, S. W., Wang, Y., Yang, Y. Y., Lei, X. M. & Yang, Y. F. (2020). Analysis of influencing factors of anxiety and emotional disorders in children and adolescents during home isolation during the epidemic of novel coronavirus pneumonia. Chinese Journal of Child Health, 1-9.
23. Liu, X., Kakade, M., Fuller, C. J., Fan, B., Fang, Y., Kong, J. et al. (2012). Depression after exposure to stressful events: lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. Compr Psychiatry, 53, 15-23.
24. Lu, W., Wang, H., Lin, Y. & Li, L. (2020). Psychological status of medical workforce during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res, 288, 112936.
25. Nelson, L. M., Simard, J. F., Oluyomi, A., Nava, V., Rosas, L. G., Bondy, M. et al. (2020). US public concerns about the COVID-19 Pandemic from results of a survey given via social media. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180, 1020-22.
26. Pappa, S., Nutella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E. & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun, 88, 901-7.
27. Pappas, G., Kiriaze, I. J., Giannakis, P. & Falagas, M. E. (2009). Psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 15, 743-7.
28. Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B. & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
29. Sharif Nia, H., Lehto, R.H., Ebadi, A. & Peyrovi, H. (2016). Death anxiety among nurses and health care professionals: A review article. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery, 4(1), 2-10
30. Shea, T. L., Tennant, A. & Pallant, J. F. (2009). Rasch model analysis of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). BMC Psychiatry, 9, 21.
31. Shultz, J. M., Espinel, Z., Flynn, B. W., Hoffman, Y. & Cohen, R. (2007). DEEP PREP: All-Hazards Disaster Behavioral Health Training. Tampa, FL, Disaster Life Support Publishing.
32. Spielberger, C. D. (2010). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken 2010; https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0943 access date 20.09.2021
33. Taylor, S. (2019). The Psychology of Pandemics: Preparing for the Next Global Outbreak of Infectious Disease. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
34. Telli, S.G. & Altun, D. (2020) The unavoidable rise of coronavirus and online education. Journal of University Studies, 3(1), 25-34.
35. Temel, K.M. & Ertin, H. (2020). Lessons from the 1918 Influenza Pandemic for the COVID-19 Pandemic. Anadolu Klin, 25(1), 63-78.
36. Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M. & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66, 317-20.
37. World Health Organization (WHO) (2020a). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Temmuz 2020, https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/whodirector-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-Covid-19---11-march-2020
38. World Health Organization (WHO) (2020b). Date of access: 26.05.2020. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses.
39. Worldometer (2021). Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. Erişim Tarihi: 11 Şubat 2021, https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/.
40. Wu, K. K., Chan, S. K. & Ma, T. M. (2005). Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in Survivors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 39-42.
41. Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., Cheung, T. & Xiang, Y. T. (2020). Mental health services for older adults in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), e19.