Evaluation of the In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Commercially Available Plant Extracts, Fixed and Essential Oils Against Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Trichoderma Species

Öz

Plant extracts, fixed oils (FO), and essential oils (EO) are continually investigated for their biological activities. However, the antifungal activity of plant extracts and oils is less frequently studied. Therefore, in this study, the antifungal activities of commercially available 11 FOs, 24 EOs, 11 PEs, and one tar were primarily investigated against eight microfungi (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium oxalicum, Penicillium purpurogenum, Trichoderma sp.-1, and Trichoderma sp.-2 species using the agar disc diffusion method. Cuminum cyminum seed FO, Mentha piperita EO, Thymus spp. EO, Zingiber officinale EO, and Juniperus oxycedrus tar exhibited inhibition zones ranging from 8.00 to 90.00 mm. Other plant extracts, FOs, and EOs were found to have no antifungal activity. Then, the inhibition of M. piperita EO, Thymus spp. EO and J. oxycedrus tar on radial growth, which showed the highest inhibition zone, were also examined. It was determined that they inhibited radial growth between 52% and 100%. Moreover, the effect of two Zingiber officinale EOs, which were determined to have both antifungal activity and not antifungal activity because of agar disc diffusion analysis, on radial growth was also investigated. Zingiber officinale EO, which has antifungal activity, inhibited radial growth by 66-100%. On the other hand, the Z. officinale EO promoted the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus and inhibited the radial growth of the different microfungi tested by up to 42.98%. As a result, the antifungal activity depends on the oil's composition. Therefore, the beneficial effects may not be seen in all commercial products as stated in the literature. For this reason, it is necessary to conduct more detailed studies of commercially available products.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antifungal activity
• Fixed oil
• Essential oil
• Plant extracts

Etik Beyan

It is declared that scientific and ethical principles have been followed while carrying out and writing this study and that all the sources used have been properly cited

Teşekkür

The study was carried out at the Food Engineering Microbiology Laboratory of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. For allowing me to use the laboratory, I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Nükhet ZORBA. Part of the results were presented on the 12th. Antimicrobic Chemotherapy Days (İstanbul, Türkiye), 2016.

Ticari Olarak Temin Edilen Bitki Ekstraktları, Sabit ve Esansiyel Yağların Aspergillus, Penicillium ve Trichoderma Türlerine Karşı İn Vitro Antifungal Aktivitesinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bitki ekstraktı (PE), sabit yağlar (FO) ve uçucu yağlar (EO) biyolojik aktiviteleri açısından sürekli olarak araştırılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, ekstraktı ve yağlarının antifungal aktivitesi daha az sıklıkla incelenmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada, agar disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanılarak, ticari olarak temin edilebilen 11 FOs, 24 EOs, 11 PEs ve bir katranın sekiz küf (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium oxalicum, Penicillium purpurogenum, Trichoderma sp.-1, and Trichoderma sp.-2) türüne karşı antifungal aktiviteleri araştırılmıştır. Cuminum cyminum tohumu FO'su, Mentha piperita EO'su, Thymus spp. EO'su, Zingiber officinale EO'su ve Juniperus oxycedrus katranı, 8,00 ile 90,00 mm arasında inhibisyon bölgeleri göstermiştir. Diğer bitki ekstraktı, FO'lar ve EO'ların antifungal aktivitesi bulunmamıştır. Daha sonra, en yüksek inhibisyon bölgesini gösteren M. piperita EO'su, Thymus spp. EO'su ve J. oxycedrus katranının radyal büyüme üzerindeki inhibisyonu da incelenmiştir. Yapılan incelemelerde, bu yağların radyal büyümeyi %52 ile %100 arasında inhibe ettiği belirlendi. Ayrıca, agar disk difüzyon analizi nedeniyle hem antifungal aktiviteye sahip olduğu hem de antifungal aktiviteye sahip olmadığı belirlenen iki Z. officinale EO’sunun radyal büyüme üzerindeki etkisi de araştırıldı. Antifungal aktiviteye sahip olan Z. officinale EO radyal büyümeyi %66-100 oranında inhibe etti. Öte yandan antifungal aktiviteye sahip olmadığı belirlenen Z. officinale EO ise Aspergillus fumigatus büyümesini teşvik etti ve test edilen farklı küflerin radyal büyümesini %42,98'e kadar inhibe etti. Sonuç olarak, antifungal aktivite yağın bileşimine bağlıdır. Bu nedenle, literatürde belirtildiği gibi, faydalı etkiler tüm ticari ürünlerde görülmeyebilir. Bu nedenle, piyasada bulunan ürünler üzerinde daha detaylı çalışmalar yapılması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antifungal aktivite
• Sabit yağ
• Esansiyel yağ
• Bitki Ekstraktı

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın yürütülmesi ve yazılması sırasında bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve kullanılan tüm kaynakların usulüne uygun olarak belirtildiği beyan edilir.

Teşekkür

Çalışma, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Gıda Mühendisliği Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarı'nda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Laboratuvarı kullanmama izin verdiği için Prof. Dr. Nükhet Zorba'ya minnettarım. Sonuçların bir kısmı 12. Antimikrobiyal Kemoterapi Günleri'nde (İstanbul, Türkiye), 2016'da sunulmuştur.

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