Mechanisms Effecting Evolution of Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Öz

The number of species of fungi is estimated to be between 2.2 and 3.8 millions. Despite this diversity, only 120,000 species have been identified currently. Today, some fossils belonging to eukaryotic macro organisms are thought to be fungi. Studies on eukaryotic microfossils have shown that these fossils are fungi, but also that the fungi are more ancient than expected. Analyzing the morphological differences between these fossils and the current fungi, comparative analysis of genomes and phylogenetic analyzes will provide an insight into the factors influencing the evolution of fungi. At the same time, the enzymes contained in the fungi and the phylogenetic analysis of the genes encoding them can be used to obtain information about the organisms they feed on, and to determine or predict their relationship with other organisms. Conducting these studies in a combined way will increase the knowledge about the evolution of fungi. More than one factor can influence the evolution of a pathogen. At the same time, the effect of these factors, which cause variation in species, may vary according to pathogen. This review is written to give information about which factors are effective in the evolution of plant pathogenic fungi. Consideration of these factors may be helpful in evaluating the evolutionary processes of fungi and to preventing or slowing down the formation of aggressive races and controlling of these races in terms of plant protection.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Evolution,transposon,polyploidy,hybridization,recombination,horizontal gene transfer

Bitki Patojeni Fungusların Evrimini Etkileyen Bazı Faktörler

Öz

Fungusların tür sayısının 2.2 ile 3.8 milyon arasında olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Bu çeşitliliğe rağmen günümüzde tanımlanmış tür sayısı sadece 120.000’dir. Günümüzde ökaryotik makro organizmalara ait olan bazı fosillerin fungus olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Ökaryotik mikrofosiller üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar ise bu fosillerin fungus olduğunu aynı zamanda fungusların tahmin edilenden daha antik canlılar olduğunu göstermiştir.  Bu fosillerle günümüzdeki fungusların morfolojik farklılıklarının analiz edilmesi, genomların karşılaştırmalı analizleri ve filogenetik analizler fungusların evriminde etkili olan faktörlerin aydınlatılmasını sağlayacaktır. Aynı zamanda fungusların içerdiği enzimler ve bunları kodlayan genlerin filogenetik analizleri antik fungusların beslendikleri organizmalarla ilgili bilgi edinilmesini ve diğer organizmalarla ilişkilerinin belirlenmesi ya da tahmin edilmesinde kullanılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmaların kombine bir şekilde yapılması fungusların evrimi hakkındaki bilgi birikiminin artmasını sağlayabilecektir.  Bir patojenin evrimi üzerine birden fazla faktör etki edebilmektedir. Aynı zamanda, türlerde varyasyona neden olan bu faktörlerin etkisi patojene göre değişebilmektedir. Bu derleme bitki patojeni fungusların evriminde hangi faktörlerin etkili olduğuyla ilgili bilgi vermek amacıyla yazılmıştır. Bu faktörlerin ele alınması fungusların evrimsel süreçlerinin değerlendirilmesinde, bitki koruma açısından agresif ırkların oluşmasını engellemede ya da yavaşlatmada ve bu ırklarla mücadelede yol gösterici olabilir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Evrim,transpozon,poliploidi,hibridizasyon,rekombinasyon,yatay gene transferi

Kaynakça

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