Acıgöl/Türkiye’deki Haloalkalitolerant ve Haloalkalifilik Fungus Çeşitliliği

Öz

Mikrofunguslar, çevrede en yayın olarak bulunan mikroorganizmalardır. Bu organizmalar, organik maddelerin ayrıştırıcısı, endüstriyel ve gıda alanlarında bazı ürünlerin üreticisi, önemli mikotoksinlerin, bitki, hayvan ve insan yaşamı üzerindeki önemli ekonomik ve sağlık etkilerinin nedeni olarak bilinirler. Bu nedenlerden dolayı mikrofungusların biyolojik çeşitliliğinin belirlenmesine yönelik çalışmalar hayati önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, dünyanın ikinci büyük alkali gölü olan Acıgöl Gölü'ndeki mikrofungusların biyolojik çeşitliliğinin araştırılmasıdır. Bu amaçla, su örneği Kasım 2019'da Acıgöl Gölü'ndeki tuzladan kompozit olarak alınmıştır. Su örneği pH ve tuzluluk açısından analiz edilmiştir. Mantar türlerinin sudan izole edilmesi ve sayılması için filtrasyon yöntemi ve farklı DRCB besi ortamları kullanılmıştır. İzolatların tuz tolerans aralığı belirlenmiştir. DRBC ve DRBC28 ortamlarından sırasıyla toplam 260 KOB/L ve 65 KOB/L sayılmıştır. Saflaştırma adımlarından sonra, toplam 52 izolat elde edilmiştir ve geleneksel yöntemler ve çoklu lokus genleri dizilimi kullanılarak izolatlar tanımlanmıştır. Sonuçlar, Acıgöl Gölü bölgesinin sırasıyla Aspergillus (% 25) ve Penicillium (% 27) cinsleri bakımından zengin olduğunu göstermiştir. Bölgede cinsin diğer üyeleri belirlenmekle birlikte toplam diğer üyeler % 48 oranında bulunmuştur. Ayrıca Cladosporium acalypha ve Penicillium sizovae Türkiye için yeni kayıt olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma ile belirlenen mikrofungus biyoçeşitliliğinin toksin üretme kabiliyetine sahip olması, patojenik ve saprofit türleri içermesi, halk sağlığı için dikkate alınması gereken bir konu olarak belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Acıgöl
• Göl
• Mikrofungus
• Biyoçeşitlilik

Haloalkalitolerant and Haloalkaliphilic Fungal Diversity of Acıgöl/Turkey

Öz

Microfungi are the most common microorganisms found in range from environment. They are well known as producer of some product in industrial and food fields, decomposer of organic matter, of important mycotoxins, reason major economic and health effects on plant, animal and human life. Because of these reasons, studies on the determination of biodiversity of microfungi are vitally important. Aim of this study is investigation of biodiversity of microfungi in Acıgöl Lake that is the second largest alkaline lake in the world. For this purpose, the water sample was compositely taken from a saltern of Acıgöl Lake in November 2019. The samples have been analysed in terms of pH, and salinity. To isolate and enumerate the fungal species from water, filtration method and different DRBC medium types were used. Salt tolerance range of isolates were determinated. A total of 260 CFUs/L and 65 CFUs/L were counted from DRBC and DRBC28 media, respectively. After purification steps, totally 52 isolates were obtained and identified by using conventional methods and multi locus genes sequencing. The results indicated that the Acıgöl Lake Region has rich for Aspergillus (25%) and Penicillium (27%) genera, respectively. Although other members of the genus were determined in the region, other members were found to be 48% in total. In addition, Cladosporium acalypha and Penicillium sizovae was determined as a new recorded for Turkey. The fact that the microfungus biodiversity determined by this study has the ability to produce toxins (such as Aspergillus flavus), contains pathogenic (such as plant pathogen Fusarium genus members) and saprophyte species, has been identified as an issue to be considered for public health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Acıgöl
• Lake
• Microfungus
• Biodiversity

Kaynakça

1. Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W. and Lipman, D. J. (1990). Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. J Mol Bio., 215:403-410.
2. Amaeze, N. J., Ugwuanyi, J. O. and Obeta, J. A. N. (2010). Studies Of Heat Resistant Fungi In The Soil: Talaromyces flavus Isolated In Nigerian Soils. New York Science Journal., 3(12):8-14.
3. Asan, A. (2004). Aspergillus, Penicillium, and related species reported from Turkey. Mycotaxon., 89:155-157.
4. Asan, A. (2016). Checklist of Cladosporium Species Reported from Turkey. CBÜ Fen Bil. Dergi., 12(2):221-229. Mycotaxon 116:479.
5. Asan, A. (2017). Checklist of Fusarium Species Reported from Turkey.
6. Barnett, H. L. and Hunter, B. B. (1999). Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. 4th Ed., Aps Press, the Amer. Phytopathol. Soc. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. 218 pp.
7. Bondarenko, S. A., Georgieva, M. L. and Bilanenko, E.N. (2018). Fungi Inhabiting the Coastal Zone of Lake Magadi. Contemporary Problems of Ecology., 5:439-448.
8. Chavez, R., Fierro, F., García Rico, R. and Inmaculada, V. (2015). Filamentous fungi from extreme environments as a promising source of novel bioactive secondary metabolites. Front Microbiol., 9(6):903.

9. Chung, D., Kim, H. and Choi, H. S. (2019). Fungi in salterns. Journal of Microbiology., 57(9):717-724.
10. Elíades, L., Cabello, M., Saparrat, M. and Voget, C. (2011). Alkalophilic and alkali-tolerant soil fungi from Celtis tala and Scutia buxifolia forests in eastern Buenos Aires province (Argentina). Current Topics in Biotechnology.
11. Grum-Grzhimaylo, A. A., Georgieva, M. L., Bondarenko, S. A., Debets, A. J. M. and Bilanenko, E. N. (2016). On the diversity of fungi from soda soils. Fungal Diversity., 76(1):27-74 doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0320-2.
12. Gunde-Cimerman, N., Ramos, J. and Plemenitaš, A. (2009). Halotolerant and halophilic fungi. Mycological Research., 113(11):1231-124.
13. Kayış, O., İlhan, S. and Demirel, R. (2018). Effect of Combinations of Salt and Temperature on Morphological Characteristics of Microfungi. MANTAR DERGİSİ/the Journal of Fungus., 9(2):158-164.
14. Klich, M. A. (2002). Identification of Common Aspergillus Species. First Edition, Utrecht, The Netherlands: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
15. Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. and Tamura, K. (2018). MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution., 35:1547-1549.
16. Kuşcu, M., Şener, Ş. and Tuncay, E. B. (2017). Recharge sources and hydro geochemical evaluations of Na2SO4 deposits in the Acıgöl Lake (Denizli, Turkey). J Afr Earth Sci., 134:265-275.
17. Li, Z., Pei, X., Zhang, Z., Wei, Y., Song, Y., Chen, L., Liu, S. and Zhang, S. H. (2018). The unique GH5 cellulase member in the extreme halotolerant fungus Aspergillus glaucus CCHA is an endoglucanase with multiple tolerance to salt, alkali and heat: prospects for straw degradation applications. Extremophiles., 22:675–685.
18. Orwa, P., Mugambi, G., Wekesa, V. and Mwirichia, R. (2020). Isolation of haloalkaliphilic fungi from Lake Magadi in Kenya. Heliyon., 02823.
19. Plemenitaš, A., Lenassi, M., Konte, T., Kejžar, A., Zajc, J., Gostincar, C. and Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2014). Adaptation to high salt concentrations in halotolerant/halophilic fungi: a molecular perspective. Frontiers in Microbiology., 5:199.
20. Salano, O. A., Makonde, H. M., Kasili, R. W., Wangai, L. N., Nawiri, M.P and Boga, H.I. (2017). Diversity and distribution of fungal communities within the hot springs of soda lakes in the Kenyan rift valley. African Journal of Microbiology Researc., 11(19):764-775.
21. Samson, R. A., Houbraken, J., Thrane, U., Frisvad, J.C. and Andersen, B. (2010). Food and Indoor Fungi. Utrecht, the Netherlands: CBS KNAW Fungal Diversity Centre.
22. Samson, R. A., Yilmaz, N., Houbraken, J., Spierenburg, H., Seifert, K. A., Peterson, S. W., Varga, J. And Frisvad, J. C. (2011). Phylogeny and nomenclature of the genus Talaromyces and taxa accommodated in Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium. Stud Mycol., 70:159-183.
23. Schuster, M. and Kahmann, R. (2019). CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing Approaches in Filamentous Fungi and Oomycetes. Fungal Genetics and Biology., 130:43-53.
24. Serra, R., Cabañes, F.J., Perrone, G., Castella, G., Venancio, A., Mule, G. et al. (2006). Aspergillus ibericus: a new species of section Nigri isolated from grapes. Mycologia., 98(2):295–306.
25. Sharma, R., Prakash, O., Sonawane, M. S., Nimonkar, Y., Golellu, P. B. and Sharma, R. (2016). Diversity and Distribution of Phenol Oxidase Producing Fungi from Soda Lake and Description of Curvularia lonarensis sp. nov. Frontiers in Microbiology., 7:1847.
26. Sime, A. D., Abbott, L. L. and Abbott, S. P. (2002). Mounting medium for use in indoor air quality spor trap analyses. Mycologia., 94:1087-1088.
27. Tamura, K. and Nei, M. (1993). Estimation of the Number of Nucleotide Substitutions in the Control Region of Mitochondrial DNA in Humans and Chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution., 10:512-526.
28. Visagie, C. M., Houbraken, J., Frisvad, J. C., Hong, S. B., Klaassen, C. H. W., Perrone, G. et al. (2014). Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium. Studies in Mycology., 78:343–371.
29. Wei, Y. and Hong-Zhang, S. (2019). Haloalkaliphilic Fungi and Their Roles in the Treatment of Saline-Alkali Soil. Fungi in Extreme Environments: Ecological Role and Biotechnological Significance. Springer, Cham., 535-557.
30. Wei, Y. and Hong-Zhnag, S. (2018). Abiostress resistance and cellulose degradation abilities of haloalkaliphilic fungi: applications for saline–alkaline remediation. Extremophiles., 22:155-164.
31. Yadav, A. N., Verma, P., Kumar, V., Sangwan, P., Mishra, S., Panjiar, N., Gupta, V. K. and Saxena, A. K. (2018). “Biodiversity of the Genus Penicillium in Different Habitats” in New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering Edited By Vijai G. Gupta, Susana Rodriguez-Couto. Elsevier Publications. United States.,pp:3-19. http://www.refgen.com(02.12.2020)
32. https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi(02.12.2020)
33. http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/names.asp(02.12.2020)
34. http://denizli.gov.tr/acigol-cardak-golu(02.12.2020).