Araştırma Makalesi
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Biodiversity of Airborne Fungi in the Indoor Environment of Refrigerators Used in Houses

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 109 - 124, 31.10.2017

Öz

In this study, it was aimed to determination of microbial diversity from indoor air flora of refrigerators used at four different homes with conventional and molecular identifications. Research materials were obtained by taking samples twice each months from all refrigerators (totally twenty four times) at first and last weeks of October, November and December months of 2012. Air sampler (Millipore) were used to take samples and 100 L air was aspirated for each sampling. Dichloran Glycerol Agar (DG 18) medium was used on the sampling process. All isolates taken like a pure culture and to incubated at 25°C during 7 days after to passaged on slant Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. After that, these pure cultures at PDA medium were stored at 4°C as storage cultures. Conventional identifications of obtained isolates were diagnosed according to their features by using related monographs after to cultured on PDA, Malt Extract Agar (MEA), Czapek Yeast Extract Agar (CYA), Czapek Yeast Extract Agar with 20% Sucrose (CY20S), Glycerol Nitrate Agar (G25N), Czapeks-Dox Agar (CZ), Creatine Sucrose Agar (CREA), Yeast Extract Sucrose Agar (YES) and DG18  mediums. On the molecular identification, sequence analysis of obtained fungal amplicons were determined on Sanger Method at ABI Prism 377 DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems, ABD)  by using ABI prism Big Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit and to compared with similar sequences on gene bank by BLAST Analysing. As a result of this study, it was identified what 34 % Penicillium, 24 % Cladosporium, 17 % Alternaria, 11 % Aspergillus species and 9 % other species as a percentage distribution of obtained fungi isolates.

Kaynakça

  • Altunatmaz SS, Issa G, Aydin A. Detection of airborne psychrotrophic bacteria and fungi in food storage refrigerators. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 1436-1443, 2012.
  • Asan A, Ozkale E, Kalyoncu F. Checklist of Cladosporium species reported from Turkey. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science. 12 (2): 221-229, 2016.
  • Asan A. Aspergillus, Penicillium and related species reported from Turkey. Mycotaxon. 89 (1): 155-157, 2004 (Son güncelleme tarihi: 10 Şubat 2015).
  • Tam Metin: http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/checklists/asan-v89-checklist.pdf
  • Atanda SA, Pessu PO, Agoda S, Isong IU, Adekalu OA, Echendu MA, Falade TC. Fungi and mycotoxins in stored foods, African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 5(25), pp. 4373-4382, (2011).
  • Barnett HL, Hunter BB. Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi, 4th edition. APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society, (St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, 1999.
  • Baumgardner DJ. Disease-Causing fungi in homes and yards in the Midwestern United States. Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews. 3 (2): 99-110, 2016.
  • Brett J, Green J, Tovey ER, Sercombe JK, Blachere FM, Beezhold DH. Schmechel, D. Airborne fungal fragments and allergenicity, Medical Mycology: 44: 245-255, 2006.
  • Brunetti L, Santoro E, Cavallo P, Boccia G, Motta O, Capunzo M. Two-years surveillance of fungal contamination in three hospital departments in Campania Region. J Preventive Med and Hygiene. 47: 22-25, 2006.
  • Choi YW, Hyde KD, Ho WH. Single spore isolation of fungi, Fungal Diversity 3: 29-38, (1999).
  • Crous PW, Braun U, Schubert K, Groenewald JZ. The genus Cladosporium and Similar Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, Studies in Mycology. 58: pp: 253, 2007.
  • Çolakoglu G. Indoor and outdoor mycoflora in the different districts of the city of Istanbul (Turkey). Indoor and Built Environment. 13: 91-100, 2004.
  • Dogen A, Kaplan E, Oksuz Z, Serin MS, Ilkit M, De Hoog GS. Dishwashers are a major source of human opportunistic yeast-like fungi in indoor environments in Mersin, Turkey. Medical Mycology. 51: 493–498, 2013.
  • Ellis, M. B. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, London and Reading commonwealth Mycological Institute. The Eastern Press Ltd, (Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971).
  • Hasenekoğlu İ. Toprak Mikrofungusları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınları, (Erzurum, 1991).
  • Kadaifciler DG, Okten S, Sen B. 2013. Mycological contamination in dental unit waterlines in Istanbul, Turkey. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 44 (3): 977-981.
  • Kavanagh, K. Fungi Biology and Applications, 2nd edition. Wiley-Blackwell, (Maynooth, Ireland, 2011).
  • Klich MA. Identification of common Aspergillus Species, 1st edition, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht-The Netherlands, 2002.
  • Kowalski WJ. Airborne respiratory diseases and mechanical systems for control of microbes. HPAC Heating/Piping/AirConditioning. Sayfa 34-48, 1998.
  • Ökten S.S., Asan, A., Sabuncuoğlu, Y., Yavuz, E. Airborne fungal concentrations of morning and evening in east patch of Edirne City using two sampling methods, Trakya Univ J Sci, 8 (1): 15–20, (2007).
  • Pitt JI. The genus Penicillium and its teleomorphic states Eupenicillium and Talaromyces, London: Academic, Pp: 634, 1979.
  • Pitt, JI., A laboratory guide to common Penicillium species. 197 pp. 3rd Ed. Australia: Food Science, 2000.
  • Raper KB, Fennell DI. The Genus Aspergillus, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore-USA, 1965.
  • Samson RA, Houbraken J, Thrane U, Frisvad JC, Andersen B. Food and Indoor Fungi, CBS KNAW Fungal Diversity Centre, (Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2010.
  • Samson RA, Pitt JI. Integration of modern taxonomic methods for Penicillium and Aspergillus classification, Harwood Academic Publishers, (Singapore, 2000).
  • Schocha CL, Seifert KA, Huhndorf S, Robert V, Spougea JL, Levesque CA, Chen W, Fungal Barcoding Consortium. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. PNAS. 109 (16): 6241-6246, 2012.
  • Sime AD, Abbott LL, Abbott SP. A mounting medium for use in Indoor Air Quality spore-trap analyses. Mycologia. 94 (6): 1087, 1088, (2002).
  • Simon-Nobbe B, Denk U, Pöll V, Rid R, Breitenbach M. The Spectrum of Fungal Allergery. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., vol. 145, pp. 58–86, (2008).
  • Simmons EG. Alternaria An Identification Manual, CBS Biodiversity Series No:6, CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, (Utrect, The Nethetlands, 2007).
  • Sen B, Asan A. Fungal flora in indoor and outdoor air of different residential houses in Tekirdag City (Turkey): Seasonal distribution and relationship with climatic factors. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 151: 209–219, 2009.
  • Thrasher JD. Fungi, Bacteria, Nano-particulates, Mycotoxins and Human Health in Water-Damaged Indoor Environments. J Comm Pub Health Nurs 2 (2): 115, 2016. doi:10.4172/2471-9846.1000115.
  • http://www.mikrobiyoloji.org/TR/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CF
  • A79D6F5E6C1B43FF2C8B4054E89DE972 (10 Mayıs 2013).

Evlerde Kullanılan Buzdolaplarının İç Ortamında Havayla Taşınan Fungusların Biyoçeşitliliği

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 109 - 124, 31.10.2017

Öz

Bu çalışmada, 4 farklı evde kullanılan buzdolaplarının iç ortam havasında bulunan mikrofungusların morfolojik ve moleküler identifikasyonu yapılarak, buzdolabı hava ortamındaki mikrofungal çeşitliliğin tesbiti 

amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma materyali Ekim, Kasım ve Aralık 2012 aylarının ilk ve son haftasında 4 farklı istasyondan (her ay ikişer kez olmak üzere) toplam 24 kez örnekleme yapılarak elde edilmiştir. Hava örnekleme cihazı (Millipore) ile, bir örneklemede 100 L hava aspire edilerek alınmıştır. Örnekleme işleminde Dichloran Glycerol Agar (DG 18) besiyerleri kullanılmıştır. İzolatlar saf kültür olarak elde edilip yatık Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)  besiyerine pasaj alınarak 25°C'de 7 gün inkübe edilmiş ve daha sonra stok kültür olarak 4°C'de saklanmıştır. Elde edilen izolatlar özelliklerine göre PDA, Malt Extract Agar (MEA), Czapek Yeast Extract Agar (CYA), Czapek Yeast Extract Agar with 20% Sucrose (CY20S), Glycerol Nitrate Agar (G25N), Czapeks-Dox Agar (CZ), Creatine Sucrose Agar (CREA), Yeast Extract Sucrose Agar (YES) ve DG 18 besiyerlerine ekilerek morfolojik teşhisleri ilgili monograflardan yararlanılarak yapılmıştır. Moleküler teşhiste ise elde edilen fungal amplikonların dizi analizleri Sanger yöntemiyle, ABI prism Big Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit kullanılarak, ABI Prism 377 DNA Sequencer'da (Applied Biosystems, ABD) belirlenmiştir ve gen bankasındaki benzer sekanslarla BLAST Analizi yapılarak kıyaslanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda teşhisi yapılan mantarların yüzdelik dağılımları % 34 Penicillium, % 24 Cladosporium, % 17 Alternaria, % 11 Aspergillus türleri ve % 9 diğer türler olarak tespit edilmiştir. 

Kaynakça

  • Altunatmaz SS, Issa G, Aydin A. Detection of airborne psychrotrophic bacteria and fungi in food storage refrigerators. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 1436-1443, 2012.
  • Asan A, Ozkale E, Kalyoncu F. Checklist of Cladosporium species reported from Turkey. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science. 12 (2): 221-229, 2016.
  • Asan A. Aspergillus, Penicillium and related species reported from Turkey. Mycotaxon. 89 (1): 155-157, 2004 (Son güncelleme tarihi: 10 Şubat 2015).
  • Tam Metin: http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/checklists/asan-v89-checklist.pdf
  • Atanda SA, Pessu PO, Agoda S, Isong IU, Adekalu OA, Echendu MA, Falade TC. Fungi and mycotoxins in stored foods, African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 5(25), pp. 4373-4382, (2011).
  • Barnett HL, Hunter BB. Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi, 4th edition. APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society, (St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, 1999.
  • Baumgardner DJ. Disease-Causing fungi in homes and yards in the Midwestern United States. Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews. 3 (2): 99-110, 2016.
  • Brett J, Green J, Tovey ER, Sercombe JK, Blachere FM, Beezhold DH. Schmechel, D. Airborne fungal fragments and allergenicity, Medical Mycology: 44: 245-255, 2006.
  • Brunetti L, Santoro E, Cavallo P, Boccia G, Motta O, Capunzo M. Two-years surveillance of fungal contamination in three hospital departments in Campania Region. J Preventive Med and Hygiene. 47: 22-25, 2006.
  • Choi YW, Hyde KD, Ho WH. Single spore isolation of fungi, Fungal Diversity 3: 29-38, (1999).
  • Crous PW, Braun U, Schubert K, Groenewald JZ. The genus Cladosporium and Similar Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, Studies in Mycology. 58: pp: 253, 2007.
  • Çolakoglu G. Indoor and outdoor mycoflora in the different districts of the city of Istanbul (Turkey). Indoor and Built Environment. 13: 91-100, 2004.
  • Dogen A, Kaplan E, Oksuz Z, Serin MS, Ilkit M, De Hoog GS. Dishwashers are a major source of human opportunistic yeast-like fungi in indoor environments in Mersin, Turkey. Medical Mycology. 51: 493–498, 2013.
  • Ellis, M. B. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, London and Reading commonwealth Mycological Institute. The Eastern Press Ltd, (Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971).
  • Hasenekoğlu İ. Toprak Mikrofungusları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınları, (Erzurum, 1991).
  • Kadaifciler DG, Okten S, Sen B. 2013. Mycological contamination in dental unit waterlines in Istanbul, Turkey. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 44 (3): 977-981.
  • Kavanagh, K. Fungi Biology and Applications, 2nd edition. Wiley-Blackwell, (Maynooth, Ireland, 2011).
  • Klich MA. Identification of common Aspergillus Species, 1st edition, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht-The Netherlands, 2002.
  • Kowalski WJ. Airborne respiratory diseases and mechanical systems for control of microbes. HPAC Heating/Piping/AirConditioning. Sayfa 34-48, 1998.
  • Ökten S.S., Asan, A., Sabuncuoğlu, Y., Yavuz, E. Airborne fungal concentrations of morning and evening in east patch of Edirne City using two sampling methods, Trakya Univ J Sci, 8 (1): 15–20, (2007).
  • Pitt JI. The genus Penicillium and its teleomorphic states Eupenicillium and Talaromyces, London: Academic, Pp: 634, 1979.
  • Pitt, JI., A laboratory guide to common Penicillium species. 197 pp. 3rd Ed. Australia: Food Science, 2000.
  • Raper KB, Fennell DI. The Genus Aspergillus, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore-USA, 1965.
  • Samson RA, Houbraken J, Thrane U, Frisvad JC, Andersen B. Food and Indoor Fungi, CBS KNAW Fungal Diversity Centre, (Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2010.
  • Samson RA, Pitt JI. Integration of modern taxonomic methods for Penicillium and Aspergillus classification, Harwood Academic Publishers, (Singapore, 2000).
  • Schocha CL, Seifert KA, Huhndorf S, Robert V, Spougea JL, Levesque CA, Chen W, Fungal Barcoding Consortium. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. PNAS. 109 (16): 6241-6246, 2012.
  • Sime AD, Abbott LL, Abbott SP. A mounting medium for use in Indoor Air Quality spore-trap analyses. Mycologia. 94 (6): 1087, 1088, (2002).
  • Simon-Nobbe B, Denk U, Pöll V, Rid R, Breitenbach M. The Spectrum of Fungal Allergery. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., vol. 145, pp. 58–86, (2008).
  • Simmons EG. Alternaria An Identification Manual, CBS Biodiversity Series No:6, CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, (Utrect, The Nethetlands, 2007).
  • Sen B, Asan A. Fungal flora in indoor and outdoor air of different residential houses in Tekirdag City (Turkey): Seasonal distribution and relationship with climatic factors. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 151: 209–219, 2009.
  • Thrasher JD. Fungi, Bacteria, Nano-particulates, Mycotoxins and Human Health in Water-Damaged Indoor Environments. J Comm Pub Health Nurs 2 (2): 115, 2016. doi:10.4172/2471-9846.1000115.
  • http://www.mikrobiyoloji.org/TR/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CF
  • A79D6F5E6C1B43FF2C8B4054E89DE972 (10 Mayıs 2013).
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm MİKOLOJİ
Yazarlar

Ahmet Asan

Soner Ozdil Bu kişi benim

Burhan Sen Bu kişi benim

Suzan Okten

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Asan, A., Ozdil, S., Sen, B., Okten, S. (2017). Evlerde Kullanılan Buzdolaplarının İç Ortamında Havayla Taşınan Fungusların Biyoçeşitliliği. Mantar Dergisi, 8(2), 109-124.

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