Islamophobia and Media Representation of Refugees in Serbia

Öz

This article seeks to respond to the following questions: How do the print media in Serbia report on refugees, asylum-seekers and refugee affairs; what effect is achieved through this type of media representation; and is there “Islamophobia pushing” through media. In the course of the media analysis this study examined various national dailies as well as the leading websites during the year of 2015 by focusing on specific articles that are able to contribute to the overall aim of the study. A total of eight Serbian newspapers were sampled: Alo, Informer, Kurir, Pravda, Telegraf, Danas, Politika and Blic as well as various leading websites. Although the wars in the former Yugoslavia ended twenty years ago, consequences of these wars are still visible in the Western Balkans and as will be demonstrated on the case study of Serbia in particular. In the past Islamophobic incidents in Serbia, a post-conflict society, were not rare. Islamophobic incidents to some extent are still present in Serbia, especially in the areas of paramount importance such as the media and therefore this phenomenon will also be analyzed in the context of media representation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Media,Refugees,Migrants,Serbia,Islamophobia

Kaynakça

1. Ako je ovo genocid Mladić u Srebrenici pušta muslimanske žene i decu (2015, July 14). Informer. Retrieved from Srebrenici-%20pusta-muslimanske-zene-i-decu-VIDEO on 15.04.2016.
2. Albanci i Vehabije U Preševu: Azilante vode u džamiju i vrbuju ih za radikalni islam (2015, September 17). Kurir. Retrieved from http://www.kurir.rs/vesti/politika/ekstremni-albanci-i-vehabije-koriste- azilante-za-svoju-propagndu-vode-ih-u-dzamiju-vrbuju-ih-za-radikalni-islam-clanak-1936147 on 13.04.2016.
3. Alhayek, K. (2014). Double marginalization: The invisibility of Syrian refugee women’s perspectives in mainstream online activism and global media. Feminist Media Studies, 14(4), 696-700.
4. Andén-Papadopoulos, K., & Pantti, M. (2013). The media work of Syrian diaspora activists: Brokering between the protest and mainstream media. International Journal of Communication, (7), 2185– 2206.
5. Annual Report for 2015 (2015). Commissioner for the Protection of Equality.
6. Amnesty International (2016). Annual Report 2015/2016. London 2016.
7. Baker, P., & McEnery, T. (2005). A corpus-based approach to discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in UN and newspaper texts. Journal of Language and Politics, 4(2), 197-226.
8. Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C., Khosravinik, M., Krzyżanowski, M., McEnery, T., & Wodak, R. (2008). A useful methodological synergy? Combining critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics to examine discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press. Discourse & Society, 19(3), 273-306.

9. Beogradski centar za ljudska prava (2013). Ljudska prava u Srbiji 2012. Pravo, praksa i međunarodni standardi ljudskih prava. Beograd: Beogradski centar za ljudska prava.
10. Beogradski centar za ljudska prava (2012). Ljudska prava u Srbiji 2011. Pravo, praksa i međunarodni standardi ljudskih prava. Beograd: Beogradski centar za ljudska prava.
11. Bosniac National Council (2015, September). BNV obilježio “dan sjećanja” na žrtve genocida u Srebrenici, Bilten no.3. Retrieved from http://www.bnv.org.rs/bilteni/bilten_septembar_2015.pdf
12. Brisel: Vučić pristao da Šiptari na Kosmetu dobiju svoj telefonski pozivni broj. (2015, August 25). Srbin info. Retrieved from http://srbin.info/2015/08/25/brisel-vucic-pristao-da-siptari-na-kosmetu-dobiju- svoj-telefonski/ on 10.03.2016.
13. Bruka Zapada Britanci: Srbi, učite decu da ste genocidni . (2015, June 10). Informer. Retrieved from http:// www.informer.rs/vesti/politika/17658/BRUKA-ZAPADA-Britanci-Srbi-ucite-decu-da-ste- genocidni on 28.04.2016.
14. Cigar, N. (2001). Role of Serb orientalists in the justification of genocide against the Balkan Muslims. Institute for Research of Crimes against Humanity and International Law, Sarajevo and Bosnian Cultural Centre, Sarajevo.
15. Carleen, M., & Ying, X. (2015, March 31). A social informatics analysis of refugee mobile phone use: A case study of Za’atari Syrian refugee camp. TPRC 43: The 43rd Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy Paper. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2588300 , http:// dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2588300
16. Commissariat for Refugees and Migration of the Republic of Serbia (2016). Bulletin of the Commissariat for Refugees and Migration focusing on increased influx of migrants in 2015. Belgrade.
17. Cultural Centre DamaD. (2015). Integrated response of the community to human security challenges in Novi Pazar. Novi Pazar: Cultural Centre DamaD.
18. Dragojlo, S. (2015, July 10). Zabranjeni svi skupovi u Beogradu. Balkan Insight. Retrieved from http://www. balkaninsight.com/rs/article/zabranjeni-svi-skupovi-u-beogradu on 29.04.2016.
19. Duda: Migranti donose epidemije i bolesti. (2015, October, 18). Alo. Retrieved from http://www.alo.rs/ duda-migranti-donose-epidemije-i-bolesti/13592 on 17.04.2016.
20. Dzihadista je vec u Srbiji – samo cekaju signal za napad. (2015, July 13). Srbin Info. Retrieved from http:// srbin.info/2015/07/13/1-000-dzihadista-je-vec-u-srbiji-samo-cekaju-signal-za-napad/ on 22.04.2016.
21. Ekmečić, M. (2007, May 7). Politika. Nationalism of Day of Judgement.
22. Esses, V. M., Medianu, S., & Lawson, A. S. (2013). Uncertainty, threat, and the role of the media in promoting the dehumanization of immigrants and refugees. Journal of Social Issues, 69(3), 518-536.
23. Fanning anti-islamism in Serbia (2011). HOPS. Belgrade.
24. Farma ko Šovinistička Farsa: E pa, Tamara, i ti si prevršila meru . (2015, December 2). Kurir. Retrieved from http://www.kurir.rs/stars/video-farma-ko-sovinisticka-farsa-e-pa-tamara-i-ti-si-prevrsila- meruclanak-2042561 on 14.03.2016.
25. Finney, N., & Robinson, V. (2007). Local press re-presentation and contestation of national discourses on asylum seeker dispersal. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242596148_ Local_press_re-presentation_and_contestation_of_national_discourses_on_asylum_seeker_ dispersal on 04.06.2016.
26. Fleras, A., & Kunz, J. L. (2001). Media and minorities: Representing diversity in multicultural Canada. Toronto: Thompson.
27. Gabrielatos, C., & Baker, P. (2008). Fleeing, sneaking, flooding a corpus analysis of discursive constructions of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press, 1996-2005. Journal of English Linguistics 36(1), 5-38.
28. Govor mržnje: U Novom Sadu ispisan grafit “Smrt muslimanima”. (2015, February 4). Slobodna Bosna. Retrieved from http://www.slobodna-bosna.ba/vijest/18904/govor_mrznje_u_novom_sadu_ ispisan_grafit_smrt_muslimanima.html on 27.04.2016.
29. Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly (2010). OSCE/ODIHR, Warsaw/Strasbourg.
30. Hargreaves, A. (1995). Immigration, ‘race’ and ethnicity in contemporary France. Routledge.
31. Human Rights Watch Submission on Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Kosovo to the European Commission (2015, July). Progress Report Consultation.
32. Human Rights Watch. (2015, December). Dispatches: Asylum seekers stuck on the Serbia-Bulgaria border.
33. ICTY: Dodik svjedok Mladićeve odbrane. (2015, December 7). Balkans Aljazeera. Retrieved from http:// balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/icty-dodik-svjedok-mladiceve-odbrane on 29.04.2016.
34. Ilić, S. (2014). Slika Albanaca danas. Pescanik.
35. Jevtić, M. (1989). Islam without a Mask. Intervju.
36. Jevtić, M. (1991). Turks want (again) Serbia. Srpska reč.
37. Jezivo: U telefonima izbeglica pronađene slike egzekucija, odrubljenih glava i zastave ISIS-a. (2015. December 15). Telegraf. Retrieved from http://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/1907705-jezivo-u-telefonima- izbeglica-pronadjene-slike-egzekucija-odrubljenih-glava-i-zastave-isis-a on 19.03.2016
38. Kidnapovan zbog istine o Srebrenici: U knjizi dokazao da nije bilo genocida . (2015, July 2). Informer. Retrieved from http://www.informer.rs/vesti/politika/21146/KIDNAPOVAN-ZBOG-ISTINE- SREBRENICI-knjizi-dokazao-nije-bilo-genocida on 14.05.2016.
39. Ko je i kada ovlastio Vučića da deli srpsku zemlju Muslimanima. (2015, May 14). Dveri. Retrieved from http://dverisrpske.com/sr/nas-stav/6747-ko-je-i-kada-ovlastio-vucica-da-deli-srpsku-zemlju- muslimanima.html on 17.05.2016.
40. Linč organizovan: Sarajevo dozvolilo atentat na Vučića . (2015, July 12). Kurir.
41. Retrieved from http://www.kurir.rs/vesti/politika/linc-organizovan-sarajevo-dozvolilo-atentat-na-vucica- clanak-1855793 on 25.04.2016.
42. Mađarski premijer: Islam nikada nije bio deo Evrope, to su pravila drugog sveta. (2015, October 16). Kurir. Retrieved from http://www.kurir.rs/planeta/madarski-premijer-islam-nikada-nije-bio-deo- evrope-tosu-pravila-drugog-sveta-clanak-1979283 on 22.04.2016.
43. Migranti uništavaju posao prostitutkama: Sklonite ih iz parka, nećemo imati šta da jedemo . (2015, September 2). Telegraf. Retrieved from http://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/beograd/1730353-migranti-unistavaju- posao-prostitutkama-sklonite-ih-iz-parka-necemo-imati-sta-da-jedemo on 15.04.2016.
44. Muslimani su agresivni i krvoločni: Jeziv govor mržnje ispred škole u centru Beograda . (2015, November 15). Telegraf. Retrieved from http://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/beograd/1837277-muslimani-su- agresivni-i-krvolocni-jeziv-govor-mrznje-ispred-skole-u-centru-beograda on 22.04.2016.
45. Muslimanski vojnici su palili sela i ubijali svoje, a ne Ratko Mladić I Srbi: Kanadski general otkriva istinu o Srebrenici . (2015, July 18). Pravda. Retrieved from http://www.pravda.rs/2015/07/18/ muslimanski-vojnici-su-palili-sela-i-ubijali-svoje-a-ne-ratko-mladic-i-srbi-kanadski-general- otkriva-istinu-o-srebrenici/ on 12.04.2016.
46. Nedvosmisleno na strani Bošnjaka: Pročitajte ko će sve doći 11. jula u Potočare, (2015, July 5). Pravda. Retrieved from http://www.pravda.rs/2015/07/05/nedvosmisleno-na-strani-bosnjaka-procitajte- ko-ce-sve-doci-11-jula-u-potocare/ on 14.05/2016
47. Nemci hoće da uvedu vize Srbiji: I to zbog azilanata . (2015, June 25). Telegraf. Retrieved from http://www. telegraf.rs/vesti/1629594-nemci-hoce-da-uvedu-vize-srbiji-i-to-zbog-azilanata on 21.04.2016.
48. Nervozni azilanti: Tuča u izbegličkom centru u Beču. (2015, July 25). Alo. Retrieved from http://arhiva.alo. rs/vesti/svet/tuca-u-izbeglickom-centru-u-becu/107369 on 28.04.2016.
49. Nikolić, I. (2015, July 2). Nevladine organizacije traže da se prestane sa negiranjem genocida. Balkan Insight. Retrieved from http://www.balkaninsight.com/rs/article/nevladine-organizacije-tra%C5%BEe- da-se-prestane-sa-negiranjem-genocida on 21.02.2016.
50. Nisu samo glassine: Među migrantima ima tereorista? Među stotinama hiljada migranata koji su preplavili celu Evropu moglo bi se naći i nekoliko stotina ili čak hiljada terorista. (2015, August 21). Informer. Retrieved from http://www.informer.rs/vesti/politika/28302/NISU-SAMO-GLASINE-Medju- migrantima-ima-tereorista on 30.04.2016.
51. Novi Pazar uputio žalbu zbog navijača Borca. (2015, September 14). B92. Retrieved from http://www.b92. net/sport/fudbal/vesti.php?yyyy=2015&mm=09&dd=14&nav_id=1039367 on 16.04.2016.
52. Office for Human and Minority Rights- Republic of Serbia (2013). Anti-discrimination strategy for 2013 – 2018. Belgrade.
53. Ombudsman’s Statement (2015, November 16). Mediji i javne ličnosti da se uzdrže od izliva nepoverenja prema izbeglicama. Retrieved from http://www.ombudsman.rs/index.php/lang- sr/2011-12-25-10-17-15/4413-2015-11-16-11-59-25.
54. OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)/Council of Europe’s European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission). (2010). Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly. Warsaw/Strasbourg: OSCR/ODIHR.
55. Patriotski blok Kim: Beograd dozvoljava Siptarima da imaju vojsku. (2015, March 9). Dveri. Retrieved from http://dverisrpske.com/sr/prenosimo/6513-patriotski-blok-kim-beograd-dozvoljava-siptarima- da-imaju-i-vojsku-.html on 17.04.2016.
56. Perovic, B. (2015). The collapse of transitional justice in Serbia. Balkan Social Science Review, 6, 43-58.
57. Pljačkaju manastire, lome i napadaju nas: Ovako se Srbi žale na azilante . (2015, June 22). Telegraf. Retrieved from http://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/1623496-pljackaju-manastire-lome-i-napadaju-nas-ovako-se- srbi-zale-na-azilante-video-foto on 28.04.2016.
58. Popović: Srbija ne sme da postane karantin . (2015, November 25). Informer. Retrieved from http://www. informer.rs/vesti/politika/42846/POPOVIC-Srbija-postane-karantin on 16.04.2016.
59. Poverenica za zaštitu ravnopravnosti ne dozvoljava da se Albanci nazivaju Šiptarima . (2015, July 8). Srbin info. Retrieved from http://srbin.info/2015/07/28/poverenica-za-zastitu-ravnopravnosti-ne- dozvoljava-da-se-albanci-nazivaju-siptarima/ on 26.04.2016.
60. Press Council (2015, March 25). Youth initiative for human rights against daily newspaper “Informer”. Retrieved from http://www.savetzastampu.rs/cirilica/zalbeni-postupci/2377
61. Radovci: Biće rata, Pazar: Reakcija. (2015, February 21). B92. Retrieved from http://www.b92.net/sport/ fudbal/vesti.php?yyyy=2015&mm=02&dd=21&nav_id=960635 on 09.04.2016.
62. Rettberg, J. W., & Gajjala, R. (2015). Terrorists or cowards: negative portrayals of male Syrian refugees in social media. Feminist Media Studies, 178-181.
63. Rusi na Vidovdan došli na Gazimestan: Šiptari ih okružili kalašnjikovima i pretresali . (2015, July 2). Srbin info. Retrieved from http://srbin.info/2015/07/02/rusi-na-vidovdan-dosli-na-gazimestan-siptari- ih-okruzili-kalasnjikovima-i-pretresali/ on 21.03.2016.
64. Siptari pretili da ce zakolju Srbe. (2015, May 21). Srbin info. Retrieved from http://srbin.info/2015/05/21/ siptari-pretili-da-ce-da-zakolju-srbe/ on 22.04.2016.
65. Skandalozni govor mržnje o Bošnjakinjama sa hidžabom. (2015, December 8). Vijesti ba. Retrieved from http://vijesti.ba/clanak/288521/skandalozni-govor-mrznje-o-bosnjakinjama-sa-hidzabom 28.04.2016. on
66. Skanadalozni govor mržnje Miroslava Lazanskog o Bošnjakinjama sa hidžabom iz Travnika. (2015a, December 7). Sandzak Live. Retrieved from http://www.sandzaklive.rs/index.php/srbija- politika/11511-sknadalozni-govor-mrznje-miroslava-lazanskog-o-bosnjakinjama-sa-hidzabom- iz-travnika-video on 30.04.2016.
67. Skanadalozni govor mržnje Miroslava Lazanskog o Bošnjakinjama sa hidžabom iz Travnika. (2015b, December 7). Sandzak press. Retrieved from http://sandzakpress.net/sknadalozni-govor-mrznje- miroslava-lazanskog-o-bosnjakinjama-sa-hidzabom-iz-travnika-video on 14.03.2016.
68. SNP: Srbija da ne bude prihvatni centar za migrante . (2015, December 6). Informer. Retrieved from http:// www.informer.rs/vesti/politika/44561/SNP-Srbija-bude-prihvatni-centar-migrante on 21.04.2016.
69. SNP: Veliki broj terorista ide Balkanskom rutom . (2015, November 15). Informer. Retrieved from http:// informer.rs/vesti/politika/41405/SNP-Veliki-broj-terorista-ide-Balkanskom-rutom on 22.04.2016.
70. Sramotno: Hrvati smestili izbeglice na pravoslavno groblje. (2015, September 23). Alo. Retrieved from http://www.alo.rs/izbeglice-spavaju-na-pravoslavnom-groblju/9415 on 13.03.2016.
71. Srbi Novog Pazara ogorčeni: „Hoće da grade džamiju u srpskom kvartu“. (2015, November 7). Dveri. Retrieved from http://dverisrpske.com/sr/prenosimo/7357-srbi-novog-pazara-ogorceni-hoce-da- grade-dzamijuu-srpskom-kvartu.html on 19.03.2016.
72. Srbija da napravi centar za 400.000 migranata ili nema ništa od EU Ovo je najnovija UCENA Srbima iz Brisela . (2015, August 10). Telegraf. Retrieved from http://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/politika/1697244- srbija-da-napravi-centar-za-400-000-migranata-ili-nema-nista-od-eu-ovo-je-najnovija-ucena- srbima-iz-brisela on 16.04.2016.
73. Sta se to dešava : Migranti doneli sugu u Srbiju, svi kriju identite, dnevno dizu 400 000 evra. (2015, September 20). Srbin info. Retrieved from http://srbin.info/2015/09/20/sta-se-to-desava-migranti-doneli- sugu-u-srbiju-svi-kriju-identitet-dnevno/ on 17.03.2016.
74. Stjepanović, N. (2015, December 26). Islamofobija stigla i do Haga, Pescanik,
75. Sve više izbeglica: Migranti će uskoro islamizirati Srbiju. (2015, August 2). Kurir. Retrieved from http://www. kurir.rs/vesti/drustvo/sve-vise-izbeglica-migranti-ce-uskoro-islamizirati-srbiju-clanak-1880879 on 22.04.2016
76. Tajni dogovor SAD, Britanije i Francuske o Srebrenici?, (2015, July 1). Pravda. Retrieved from http://www. pravda.rs/2015/07/01/tajni-dogovor-sad-britanije-i-francuske-o-srebrenici/ on 10.03.2016.
77. Tanasković, D. (2006). Islam and us, jihad in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Illusion or reality. Partenon: Belgrade.
78. Tanasković, D. (2011). Neosmanizam- Povratak Turske na Balkan. Sluzbeni Glasnik: Beograd.
79. Taxi Drivers Recommended Not to Drive Asylum Seekers. What is Next?. (2015, March). Praxis. Retrieved from http://www.praxis.org.rs/index.php/en/praxis-watch/item/952-taxi-drivers-recommended- not-to-drive-asylum-seekers-what-is-the-next on 29.04.2016.
80. Turci osvajaju Nemačku ko Šiptari Kosovo. (2015, January 18). Pravda. Retrieved from http://www.pravda. rs/2015/01/18/turci-osvajaju-nemacku-ko-siptari-kosovo/ on 17.04.2016.
81. Van Dijk, T. A. (2015). Racism and the press. Routledge.
82. Vicsek, L., Keszi, R., & Márkus, M. (2008). Representation of refugees, asylum-seekers and refugee affairs in Hungarian Dailies. Journal of Identity and Migration Studies, 2(2), 87-107.
83. Video linč u Potočarima: Pogledajte kako je razularena masa napala Vučića uz povike Alahu ekber . (2015, July 11). Kurir. Retrieved from http://www.kurir.rs/vesti/politika/video-haos-u-potocarima- pogledajte-kako-je-razularena-masa-napala-premijera-vucica-clanak-1854873 on 29.04.2016.
84. Vučić pogođen u glavu: Pogledajte napad razjarenih muslimana na Vučića (2015, July 11). Pravda. Retrieved from http://www.pravda.rs/2015/07/11/vucic-pogodjen-u-glavu pogledajte-napad-razjarenih- muslimana-na-vucica-video/ on 14.04.2016.
85. Wall, M., & el Zahed, S. (2015). Syrian citizen journalism. Digital Journalism, 3(5), 720-736.
86. White, E. (2015) (Ed.) Moving Stories, International review of how media cover migration. Ethical Journalism Network: London.
87. Zaraženi migranti pobegli iz karantina: Da li tuberkuloza preti Srbiji?. (2015, August 24). Srbin info. Retrieved from http://srbin.info/2015/08/24/zarazeni-migranti-pobegli-iz-karantina/ on 29.04.2016.