OSTEOPOROSIS

Yıl 1999, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 197 - 202, 03.12.2016

Sema Akalm

Öz

Osteoporosis represents the most common form of metabolic bone disease. Its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, radiographic and laboratory features, bone density measurements, and treatment are discussed.
Key Words : Postmenopausal osteoporosis, Bone mineral density, HRT, Bisphosphonates

Kaynakça

• Melton LJ, Eddy DM, Johnston CC Jr. Screening for osteoporosis. Ann Int Med 1990; 112:516-528.
• Consensus Development Conference. Consensus development conference:diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med 1993;94:646-650.
• Kanis JA, Melton LJ, Christiansen C.et a!. The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 1994:9:! 137-1 146.
• Browner WS, Pressman AR, Mevitt MC, et al. Mortality following fractures in older women. The study of osteoporotic fractures. Arch Intern Med 1996:156:1521-1525.
• Looker AC, Orwoll ES, Johnston CC, et al. Prevalence of low bone density in older US adults from nLIAMES III. J Bone Miner Res 1997,12:1761- 1769.
• Melton LJ, Chrischilles EA, Cooper C, et al. Dow many women have osteoporosis? J Bone Miner Res 1992:7:1005-1007.
• Mordin BEC, Meed AG, Bridges A, Dorowitz M. Relative contributions of years since menopause, age, and weight to vertebral density in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;74:20-23.
• Riis B, Thomsen K, Christiasen C. Does calcium supplementation prevent postmenopausal bone loss? A double-blind, controlled clinical study. M Engl J Med 198 7:316:173-177.
• Chetkowski RJ, Meldrum DR, Steingold KA, et at. Biologic effects of transdermal estradiol. M Engl J Med 1986:314:1615-1620.
• Parisien M, Silverberg SJ, Shane E, et al. The histomorphometry of bone in primary hyperparathyroidism:Preservation of cancellous bone structure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990:70:930-937.
• Mosekilde L, Melsen F. A tetracycline-based histomorphometric evaluation of bone resorption and bone turnover in hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism. Acta Med Scand 1978:204:97-101.
• Rigotti MA, Mussbaum SR, Derzog DB, Meer RM. Osteoporosis in women with anorexia nervosa. M Engl J Med 1984;311:1601-1606.
• Klibanski A, Biller BM, Schoenfeld DA, et al. The effects of estrogen administration on trabecular bone loss in young women with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995:80:898-904.
• Counts DR, Gwirtsman 11, Carlsson LM, et al. The effects of anorexia nervosa and refeeding on growth hormone-binding protein, the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), and the IGF-binding proteins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:762-767.
• Grlnspoon Sli, Baum DB, Peterson S, Klibanski /t. Effects of rhIGF-l administration on bone turnover during short-term fasting. J Clin Invest 1995:96:900-906.
• Rosen DM. Primary biliary cirrhosis and bone disease. Depatology 1995;21:253-259.
• Riggs BL, Melton LJ. Involutional osteoporosis. M Engl J Med 1986:314:1676-1686.
• Chapuy MC, Arlott ME.Duboeuf F.et al. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women. M Engl J Med 1992;327:1637-1642.
• Ettinger B, Pressman A, Sklarin P, et al. Associations between low levels of estradiol, bone density, and fractures among elderly women: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998:83:2239-2243.
• Cummings SR, Browner WS, Bauer D, et al. For the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Endogenous hormones and the risk of hip and vertebral fractures among older women. M Engl J Med 1998:339:733-738.
• Prince RL, Smith M, Dick IM, et al. Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis: /I comparative study of exercise,calcium supplementation, and hormone-replacement therapy. M Engl J Med 1991:325:1 189-1 195.
• Gênant DK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: A sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. Ann Intern Med 1982:97:699-705.
• Gallagher JC, Kable WT, Goldgar D. Effect of progestin therapy on cortical and trabecular bone: Comparison with estrogen. Am J Med 1991:90:171- 176.
• Kelepouris M, Darper KD, Gannon F, et al. Severe osteoporosis in men. Ann Intern Med 1995:123:452-460.
• Behre DM, Kliesch S, Leifke E, et al. Long-term effect of testosterone therapy on bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:2386-2390.
• Soule SG, Conway G, Prelevic GM, et al. Osteopenia as a feature of the androgen insensitivity syndrome. Clin Endocnnol 1995;43:671-674.
• Slemenda CW, Longcope C, Zhou L, et al. Sex steroids and bone mass in older mass. Positive associations with serum estrogens and negative associations with androgens. J Clin Invest 1997,100:1755-1759.
• Smith EP, Boyd J, Frank GR, et al. Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen- receptor gene in a man. hi Engl J Med 1994;331:1056-1062.
• Carani C, Qin R, Simoni M, et al. Effect of testosterone and estradiol in a man with aromatase deficiency, hi Engl J Med 1997;337:91-95.
• Slemenda C, Longcope C, Peacock M, et al. Sex steroids, bone mass and bone loss. J Clin Invest 1996;97:14-21.
• Riggs BL. Vitamin D-receptor genotypes and bone density, hi Engl J Med 1997;337:125-126.
• Uitterlinden AG, Burger ft, Huang Q, et al. Relation of alleles of the collagen type la I gene to bone density and the risk of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. hi Engl J Med 1998;338:1016-1021.
• Hopper JL, Seeman E. The bone density of female twins discordant for tobacco use. hl Engl J Med 1994;330:387-392.
• Bjarnason 1, Macpherson A, Mackintosh C, et al. Reduced bone density in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1997;40:228-233.
• Liu B, Anderson G, Mittman hi, et at. Use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants and risk of hip fractures in elderly people. Lancet 1998;351:1303-1307.
• Ensrud RE, Lipschutz MP, Cauley JA. Body size and hip fracture risk in older women: A prospective study. Am J Med 1997,103:274-280.
• Rleerekoper M, Avioli LV. Evaluation and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, ln: Favus MJ, Ed. Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism 2nd ed. Lippincott- Raven, Philadelphia, 1993:223-229.
• Jackson JA. Osteoporosis in men. In: Favus MJ, Ed. Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism. 2nd ed. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1993:255-258.
• Gênant HR, Engelke R, Fuerst T, et al. hloninvasive assesment of bone mineral and structure: State of the art. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 1 1.707-712.
• Dawson-Hughes B, Dallai GE, Rrall EA, et al. Controlled trial of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women, hi Engl J Med 1990; 323:878-883.
• Recker RR, Davies RM, Dowd RM, Heany RP. The effect of low-dose continuous estrogen and progesterone therapy with calcium and vitamin D on bone in elderly women. Ann Int Med 1999; 130:897-904.
• Rhouidhunkit W, Shoback DM. Clinical effects of raloxifene hydrochloride in women. Ann Int Med 1999;130:431-439.
• Avioli LV. Heterogeneity of osteoporotic syndromes and the response to calcitonin therapy. Calcific Tissue Int 1991;49 (Suppl 2): SI6-19.
• Tilyard MW, Spears GFS, Thompson J, Dovey S. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with calcitriol or calcium, hi Engl J Med 1992; 326:357- 361.
• Wimalawansa SJ. Combined therapy with estrogen and etidronate has an additive effect on bone mineral density in the hip and vertebrae: Four year randomized study. Am J Med 1995:99:36-42.
• Rarpf DB, Shapiro DR, Seeman, et al. Prevention of nonvertebral fractures by alendronate. A metaanalysis. JAMA 1997; 277:115-121.