İstanbul İçin Expat-Dostu Kamu Politikası: Söylemden Eyleme Geçme Zamanı

Öz

Gelişmiş ülkelerde, ekonomik rekabet edebilirliğin güçlendirilmesi için kilit öneme sahip sayılan araçlar içerisinde, kaliteli insan gücünün çekilmesi söylemi giderek yükselmektedir. Bu olgu bilhassa şehir markacılığı ile yetenekleri ve yatırımcıları çekme konularına yapılan vurgular şeklinde yerel düzeyde de görünür hale gelmekte, yerel/bölgesel yönetimler de artık bu alanda daha fazla aktif olmaktadır. Türkiye de artan ölçüde bu söylemi, ulusal ve yerel planlar gibi siyaset belgelerinde benimsemekte; “çekim merkezi” olma ve vasıflı iş günücü çekme hedefini vurgulamaktadır. Bu politikanın başarısı için İstanbul kilit uygulama alanı olarak önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu çerçevede Türkiye göç politikasını dönüştürmekte ve modernleştirmekte, ve yabancıların veya expatların hayat ve çalışması için uygun şartları oluşturacak çeşitli politika ve uygulamalara olan ihtiyacı açıkça dile getirmektedir. Ancak bu yaklaşım, ister merkezî ister yerel/metropoliten yönetim düzeyinde olsun, kamu kurumları veya kamu sektörü potikaları üzerinde etki yapacak oranda ve expatlar için görünür olacak şekilde eylemlere henüz dönüştürülememiştir. İstanbul’da kamu hizmetleri hakkında expatların algısını ölçmeye yönelik yazarlarca gerçekleştirilen anketin çıktılarının analizi ile diğer kaynaklar ışığında yapılan değerlendirmeler, üst seviyedeki söyleme rağmen, bu alanda kamu kurumlarının somut politikalarının sahada eksik olduğu kanaatini oluşturmaktadır. Binaenaleyh makale, expat-dostu kamu politikasını geliştirmeye yönelik bazı tavsiyeleri sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Expat, Vasıflı İş Göçü, İnsan Kaynağını Çekme, Göç Politikası, Uyum Politikası, Expat-Dostu Kamu Politikası.

İstanbul İçin Expat-Dostu Kamu Politikası: Söylemden Eyleme Geçme Zamanı

Öz

In the developed countries there is a growing discourse about attracting human capital as one of the key tools to strengthen the economic competitiveness. This phenomenon is also visible at local level, notably through increasing focus on city branding and emphasis on attraction of talents and investors, and increased involvement of local/regional governments in this field. Turkey also steadily adopts similar discourse in its policy documents such as the national and local plans and strategy papers; these documents emphasize the goal of becoming “center of attraction” and gaining qualified labor force. Istanbul plays an important role as a major experimentation site for the success of such policy. In this framework Turkey transforms and modernizes its migration policy, and the officials call for various policies and practices that would create favorable living and working conditions for foreigners or expats. However this approach is not yet translated into concrete actions that would have tangible impact on public sector policies and institutions in Istanbul, whether central or local/metropolitan government units, and that would be visible to the expats themselves. The analysis of the findings of the survey realized by the authors in order to measure the perception of public services in Istanbul by the expats, combined with other resources, suggests that, despite the higher level discourse, public institutions lack concrete policies on the ground. The article therefore formulates several recommendations to raise the awareness of decision-makers and to develop expat-friendly public policy in Istanbul

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Expat, Qualified Labor Migration, Attraction of Human Capital, Migration Policy

Kaynakça

1. A.T. Kearney Global Cities Outlook (2012) The 2012 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook, http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/dfedfc4c-8a62-4162-90e5-2a3f14f0da3a.
2. Açıkgöz, M. and H. O. Arıner (2014) “Turkey’s New Law on Foreigners and International Protection: An Introduction”, Turkish Migration Studies Group (TurkMiS) Briefing Paper 2, University of Oxford, https://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/files/Publications/Briefings/TurkMiS/Brief_2_A riner_ Acikgoz_2014.pdf
3. Calay, V. (2007) “D’une ‘politique nationale de prestige’ à un ‘marketing urbain’: les formes d’attractivité dans les politiques de valorisation des trois ‘Capitales de l’Europe’”, Téoros [Online], 26(2): 19-26, http:// teoros.revues.org/801.
4. Castree, N., R. Kitchen and A. Rogers (2013) A Dictionary of Human Geography, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5. Bozlağan, R. and M. Daoudov (2008) “Barcelona Reloaded”, The Regional Review, October: 124-125, http://licencetothink.blogspirit.com/list/articles-yaz%C4%B1lar/1044530210.pdf
6. Daoudov, M. (2009a) “New Capital for New Council of Europe”, Today’s Zaman, 23 Sept., http://licencetothink.blogspirit.com/list/articles-yaz%C4%B1lar/802528680.pdf.
7. Daoudov, M. (2009b) “Dış Politikada Vize Esnekliğinin Fırsatları”, Birlik Dergisi, 4(July-September): 48-50, http://licencetothink.blogspirit.com/list/articles-yaz%C4%B1lar/703329209.pdf.
8. Daoudov, M. (2013) “Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Uluslararası Göç Alanında Yerel Yönetimlerin Rolü” (Role of Local Governments in Integration Migration in Turkey and in the World), paper presented in at the “Workshop on Migration Management and Harmonization in the Framework of the Law No 6458 on Foreigners and International Protection”, organized by the General Directorate of Migration Management of Turkish Ministry of Interior and the International Organization for Migration (IOM), 12 December, Ankara.

9. Daoudov, M. (2014) “The Role of Local Governments in Integration of Foreigners in Turkey”, Report for International Organization for Migration (IOM), 25 May, http://licencetothink.blogspirit.com/list/ articles-yaz%C4%B1lar/34-the-role-of-local-governments-in-integration-of-foreigner.html
10. Davutoğlu, A. (2015) Press Conference of the Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu on the Preferential Transformation Program under the 10th Development Plan [Video record], 28 January, http:// www.haberler.com/yapisal-donusum-10-kalkinma-plani-6912118-haberi/.
11. DGMM, Harmonization webpage, webpage of the Directorate General of Migration Management (DGMM) Harmonization page, http://goc.gov.tr/icerik6/about-harmonisation_917_1066_1411_icerik
12. Ertuna Lagrand, T. (2010) Immigration Law and Policy: the EU Acquis and its Impact on the Turkish Legal Order, Wolf Legal Publishers.
13. European Commission (2005) “A Common Agenda for Integration: Framework for the Integration of Third-Country Nationals in the European Union”, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Brussels, 01 September, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/ LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0389:FIN:EN:PDF .
14. European Commission (2011) “European Agenda for the Integration of Third-Country Nationals”, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Brussels, 20 July, http:// ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/news/intro/docs/110720/1_en_act_part1_v10.pdf.
15. E-Visa website, https://www.evisa.gov.tr/en/prerequisites/.
16. Gatti, E. (2009) “Defining the Expat: the case of high-skilled migrants in Brussels”, Brussels Studies, 28(31 August), www.brusselsstudies.be.
17. Global Power City Index (GPCI) (2009) Institute for Urban Strategies The Mori Memorial Foundation. http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf
18. Green L. N. (2009) “Expatriation, Expatriates, and Expats: The American Transformation of a Concept”. The American Historical Review, 114(2): 307-328, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30223780
19. HSBC Expat Explorer Survey, http://expatexplorer.hsbc.com/survey/#/country/Switzerland/Turkey.
20. IFC-Istanbul Project Office (2011) İstanbul Uluslararası Finans Merkezi Proje Ofisi Altyapı Komitesi Arama Konferansları Özet Raporu, Project Office of Istanbul International Financial Center, Infrastructure Committee, Summary Report of the Search Conference, February, http://ifm.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/ Studies/Documents/dokumanlar_dosyalar_/Arama_konferans%C4%B1_ozet_raporu_taslak.pdf.
21. ISTKA (2012) Istanbul Fact Sheet 2012, Istanbul Development Agency (ISTKA) http://www.istka.org.tr/ content/pdf/Istanbul-Fact-Sheet-2012.pdf.
22. ISTKA (2013) Istanbul Fact Sheet 2013, Istanbul Development Agency (ISTKA) http://www.istka.org.tr/ content/pdf/Fact_Sheet_2013_small.pdf.
23. ISTKA (2014a) Istanbul Fact Sheet 2014, Istanbul Development Agency (ISTKA). http://www.istka.org.tr/ content/pdf/Istanbul_Fact_Sheet_2014.pdf
24. ISTKA (2014b) Draft Regional Plan 2014-2023, Istanbul Development Agency (ISTKA). http://www.istka. org.tr/content/pdf/2014-2023-istanbul-Bolge-Plani-n.pdf
25. ISPAT (a) Economic Outlook page, webiste of Turkish Investment Support and Promotion Agency (ISPAT). http://www.invest.gov.tr/en-US/turkey/factsandfigures/Pages/Economy.aspx
26. ISPAT (b) Living in Turkey page, website of Turkish Investment Support and Promotion Agency (ISPAT). http://www.invest.gov.tr/en-US/turkey/livinginturkey/Pages/Welcome.aspx
27. ISPAT (c) Housing page, website of Turkish Investment Support and Promotion Agency (ISPAT). http:// www.invest.gov.tr/en-US/turkey/livinginturkey/Pages/Housing.aspx
28. IstPat 34. Istanbul Expat & Public Services Survey (IstPat 34). http://surveymonkey.com/s. aspx?sm=dxrTnDBGXPzOxT%2bOc7%2fel5W97y1NKOKtI2Ir7ncY9QQ%3d
29. Law 6458, Law on Foreigners and International Protection, No 6458 dated 4 April 2013, http://www.goc.gov. tr/files/files/eng_minikanun_5_son.pdf
30. Lochak, D. (2006). “Immigration choisie, immigration subie : rien de nouveau sous le soleil?”, Ecarts d’identité, 109. http://www.revues-plurielles.org/_uploads/pdf/6_109_2.pdf
31. Nagel, C. (2005). “Skilled migration in global cities from ‘‘other’’ perspectives”, Geoforum, 36: 197-210, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016718504000661
32. Pérouse, J. F. (2012) “Note sur l’afflux récent des Européens à Istanbul: inerties et recomposition des profils et des positions” Anatoli, 3, La Turquie au carrefour des turbulences migratoires, Paris, CNRS, pp. 41-54, https://www.academia.edu/5583048/Note_sur_l_afflux_r%C3%A9cent_des_ Europ%C3%A9ens_%C3%A0_Istanbul_inerties_et_recomposition_des_profils_et_des_positions
33. Pérouse, J. F. (2013) “La Turquie face aux soubresauts migratoires dans un contexte de crise”, Confluences Méditerranée, 4(87): 85-93, www.cairn.info/revue-confluences-mediterranee-2013-4-page-85.htm
34. SPO (2009). Strategy and Action Plan for Istanbul International Financial Center (IFC-Istanbul). State Planning Organization, approved by the Resolution of the High Planning Council on 29 September 2009. www.dpt.gov.tr
35. SPO (2014). 10th Development Plan, 2014-2018, State Planning Organization. http://www.kalkinma.gov.tr/ Lists/Yaynlar/Attachments/628/The%20Tenth%20Development%20Plan%20%282014-2018%29. pdf