Araştırma Makalesi
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BİZANS DÖNEMİNDE FİLDİŞİ PİKSİSLER

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 9, 232 - 255, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.60051/medbel.1823952
https://izlik.org/JA92NC36MH

Öz

Bu çalışma, Bizans dönemine ait fildişi piksisleri malzeme, form, tipoloji ve ikonografi bakımından ele alarak, dönemin sanatsal üretim anlayışı içindeki konumunu değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Roma döneminde dünyevi amaçlarla kullanılan piksisler Bizans döneminde dinsel amaçlarla kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Kullanım amaçlarındaki bu dönüşüm piksislerin ikonografik programlarına da yansımıştır. Tasvir edilen sahneler, nesnenin yeni litürjik işlevini vurgular niteliktedir. Araştırma, sadece fildişi malzemeden üretilmiş örneklerle sınırlandırılmış; söz konusu piksisler kapak tasarımlarına göre sınıflandırılarak özgün bir tipoloji oluşturulmuştur. Fildişinin elde edilmesi zor ve pahalı bir malzeme olması, bu malzemeden yapılan piksislerin yalnızca varlıklı insanlara yönelik, statü belirten objeler olduklarını göstermektedir. Üretim merkezlerine ilişkin değerlendirmeler, Konstantinopolis başta olmak üzere Roma, Ravenna ve İskenderiye gibi merkezlerde faaliyet gösteren atölyelere işaret etmektedir. Ancak konuya ilişkin arkeolojik verilerin sınırlı olması, bu atölyelerin varlığını kesin biçimde kanıtlamayı güçleştirmektedir. Piksislerin çoğunun arkeolojik kazılarda değil, tesadüfi biçimde bulunmuş olması, kesin bir tarihlendirme yapmayı zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu nedenle mevcut tarihlendirmeler, çoğunlukla üslup ve ikonografik karşılaştırmalara dayalı göreli değerlendirmelerden ibarettir. İnceleme Bizans dönemine ait fildişi piksislerin salt işlevsel nesneler olmaktan çıkarak, Hristiyan ikonografisini yansıtan litürjik objelere dönüştüğünü ortaya koymaktadır. Bizans döneminin sanatsal, dinsel, ekonomik yönlerini bir arada yansıtan elit nesneler olarak değerlendirilmektedir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, etik kurul izni gerektirmeyen bir araştırma türü kapsamında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada insan veya hayvan denek kullanılmamış, anket, mülakat ya da deneysel bir süreç işletilmemiştir. Araştırmada kullanılan tüm materyaller ve veriler, açık erişimli akademik kaynaklar, yayımlanmış literatür ve müze koleksiyon kayıtlarından elde edilmiştir.

Teşekkür

Bu makaleye sağladığı değerli katkılar nedeniyle Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Csilla Balogh’a teşekkür ederim.

Kaynakça

  • Aydın, A. (2005). İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzelerindeki fildişi pyksis. Belleten, 69(254), 59– 64.
  • British Museum. (1901). Catalogue of early Christian antiquities and objects from the Christian East in the Department of British and mediaeval antiquities and ethnography of the British Museum (O. M. Dalton, Ed.). British Museum.
  • Campini, R. (2023). Art from the Borders? Wolfgang Fritz Volbach and the Localization of a Group of Early Christian Ivory Pyxides in the Caucasus. In A. Palladino, R. Campini, A.
  • Moraschi, & I. Foletti (Eds.), Re-thinking Late Antique Armenia: Historiography, Material Culture, and Heritage (Convivium. Supplementum, 2023/1, pp. 152–167). Brepols.
  • Carile, M. C. (2020). Ivory Production: Commerce, Culture and Power. In S. Cosentino (Ed.), Ravenna and the Traditions of Late Antique and Early Byzantine Craftsmanship: Labour, Culture, and the Economy (pp. 115–132). De Gruyter.
  • Culter, A. (1991). Ivory. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 2. New York, 1026–1027.
  • Cutler, A. (1994). The hand of the Master: Craftsmanship, Ivory, and Society in Byzantium (9th–11th centuries). Princeton University Press.
  • Cutler, A., & Niewöhner, P. (2016). Towards a history of Byzantine Ivory Carving from the Late 6th to the Late 9th Century. Travaux et Mémoires, 20, 89–106.
  • Çelik, A. T. (2024). Bizans Sanatında Fildişi Malzeme Kullanımı (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi.
  • Daim, F. (Ed.). (2019). Brill’s history and culture of Byzantium. Brill.
  • Dalton, O. M. (1909). Catalogue of the Carved Ivories of the Christian Era with Examples of Mohammedan Art and Carvings in Bone. Order of the Trustees.
  • Dalton, O. M. (1911). Byzantine art and archaeology. Clarendon Press.
  • Delassus, M. (2018). A propos d’une pyxide en ivoire protobyzantine conservée au musée du Louvre. In A. Boud'hors & C. Louis (Eds.), Études coptes XV: Dix-septième journée d'études (Lisbonne, 18–20 juin 2015). De Boccard.
  • Duffy, J., & Vikan, G. (1983). A Small Box in John Moschus. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 24(1), 93–98.
  • Haldon, J. (2020). Concluding remarks on. In S. Cosentino (Ed.), Ravenna and the Traditions of Late Antique and Early Byzantine Craftsmanship (p. 314). Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
  • Hamarneh, B. (2023). Sculpta ab ingeniosa manu? Some thoughts on the ivory pyxis from the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Mitteilungen zur Christlichen Archäologie, 29, 51–70. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • James, L. (1996). Light and colour in Byzantine art. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Jutta Frings (Ed.), Byzanz: Pracht und Alltag (Bonn: Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 2010).
  • Kaya, İ. (2024). Bizans Dönemi’nde Fildişi: Tedarik, Ticaret, Üretim ve Eserler, Çanakkale: Paradigma Akademi Yayınevi.
  • Kaya Zenbilci, İ. (2020). Walters Sanat Müzesi’nden Bizans Dönemi’ne Ait Ünik Bir Meryem ‘Deksiokratousa’ İkonası. Kaya Zenbilci, İ. Ve Akmetov, İ. N. (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Culture And Civilization. Abstract And Proceedings, August 21–22, 2020, Trabzon, 139–157.
  • Lidova, M. A. (2021). Istoriya Muranskogo diptikha, ili Skaz o tom, kak pervye vizantinisty oklad iskali [The history of the Murano diptych, or the tale of how the first Byzantinists searched for the cover]. Antichnoe iskusstvo i arkheologiya, 11, 345–367.
  • Mango, C. (Ed.). (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press.
  • Milne, M. J. (1939). Kylichnis. American Journal of Archaeology, 43(2), 248–252.
  • Milliken, W. M. (1951, December). A Byzantine Ivory of the Early Christian Period. The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, 38(10), 228–230.
  • Milliken, W. M. (1947). Byzantine jewelry and associated pieces. The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, 34(7), 166–183.
  • Ness, L. (2014). What’s in the box? Remarks on Some Early Medieval and Early Islamic Precious Containers. Notes in the History of Art, 33(3/4), 67–75.
  • Oikonomides, N. (1977). John VII Palaeologus and Ivory Pyxis at Dumbarton Oaks. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 31, 329–335.
  • Roberts, S. R. (1978). The Attic Pyxis. Ares Publishers.
  • Smith, E. B. (1918). Early Christian Iconography and a School of Ivory Carvers in Provence. Princeton University Press.
  • Shalem, A. (2019). What’s all the Fuss about the ‘Humeima Ivories’: A Note about the History of Writing on Early Carved Ivories in the Lands of Islam. In M. Di Cesare (Ed.), Sharing material culture: Ivory and bone artefacts from the Mediterranean to the Caspian Sea from
  • Antiquity to the Middle Ages (Quaderni di Vicino Oriente XV, pp. 171–184). Roma: Sapienza Università di Roma.
  • Studer-Karlen, M. (2010). Zur spätantiken Elfenbeinpyxis in Sion. BOREAS: Münstersche Beiträge zur Archäologie, 33, 43–54.
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (1914). Guide to the loan exhibition of the J. Pierpont Morgan collection. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • The Cleveland Museum of Art. (1978). Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978. The Cleveland Museum of Art.
  • Volbach, W. F. (1916). Elfenbeinarbeiten der Spätantike und des frühen Mittelalters. L. Wilckens.
  • Wamser, L. (Hg.). (2004). Die Welt von Byzanz: Europas östliches Erbe. München: Münch Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte.
  • Weitzmann, K. (1977). The late Roman world. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 35(2), 2–96. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • Weitzmann, K. (1966). Various aspects of Byzantine influence on the Latin countries from the sixth to the twelfth century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 20, 1–24.
  • Weitzmann, K. (1960). The survival of mythological representations in early Christian and Byzantine art and their impact on Christian iconography.
  • Wills, G. (1968). Ivory. Arco

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 9, 232 - 255, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.60051/medbel.1823952
https://izlik.org/JA92NC36MH

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aydın, A. (2005). İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzelerindeki fildişi pyksis. Belleten, 69(254), 59– 64.
  • British Museum. (1901). Catalogue of early Christian antiquities and objects from the Christian East in the Department of British and mediaeval antiquities and ethnography of the British Museum (O. M. Dalton, Ed.). British Museum.
  • Campini, R. (2023). Art from the Borders? Wolfgang Fritz Volbach and the Localization of a Group of Early Christian Ivory Pyxides in the Caucasus. In A. Palladino, R. Campini, A.
  • Moraschi, & I. Foletti (Eds.), Re-thinking Late Antique Armenia: Historiography, Material Culture, and Heritage (Convivium. Supplementum, 2023/1, pp. 152–167). Brepols.
  • Carile, M. C. (2020). Ivory Production: Commerce, Culture and Power. In S. Cosentino (Ed.), Ravenna and the Traditions of Late Antique and Early Byzantine Craftsmanship: Labour, Culture, and the Economy (pp. 115–132). De Gruyter.
  • Culter, A. (1991). Ivory. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 2. New York, 1026–1027.
  • Cutler, A. (1994). The hand of the Master: Craftsmanship, Ivory, and Society in Byzantium (9th–11th centuries). Princeton University Press.
  • Cutler, A., & Niewöhner, P. (2016). Towards a history of Byzantine Ivory Carving from the Late 6th to the Late 9th Century. Travaux et Mémoires, 20, 89–106.
  • Çelik, A. T. (2024). Bizans Sanatında Fildişi Malzeme Kullanımı (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi.
  • Daim, F. (Ed.). (2019). Brill’s history and culture of Byzantium. Brill.
  • Dalton, O. M. (1909). Catalogue of the Carved Ivories of the Christian Era with Examples of Mohammedan Art and Carvings in Bone. Order of the Trustees.
  • Dalton, O. M. (1911). Byzantine art and archaeology. Clarendon Press.
  • Delassus, M. (2018). A propos d’une pyxide en ivoire protobyzantine conservée au musée du Louvre. In A. Boud'hors & C. Louis (Eds.), Études coptes XV: Dix-septième journée d'études (Lisbonne, 18–20 juin 2015). De Boccard.
  • Duffy, J., & Vikan, G. (1983). A Small Box in John Moschus. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 24(1), 93–98.
  • Haldon, J. (2020). Concluding remarks on. In S. Cosentino (Ed.), Ravenna and the Traditions of Late Antique and Early Byzantine Craftsmanship (p. 314). Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
  • Hamarneh, B. (2023). Sculpta ab ingeniosa manu? Some thoughts on the ivory pyxis from the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Mitteilungen zur Christlichen Archäologie, 29, 51–70. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • James, L. (1996). Light and colour in Byzantine art. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Jutta Frings (Ed.), Byzanz: Pracht und Alltag (Bonn: Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 2010).
  • Kaya, İ. (2024). Bizans Dönemi’nde Fildişi: Tedarik, Ticaret, Üretim ve Eserler, Çanakkale: Paradigma Akademi Yayınevi.
  • Kaya Zenbilci, İ. (2020). Walters Sanat Müzesi’nden Bizans Dönemi’ne Ait Ünik Bir Meryem ‘Deksiokratousa’ İkonası. Kaya Zenbilci, İ. Ve Akmetov, İ. N. (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Culture And Civilization. Abstract And Proceedings, August 21–22, 2020, Trabzon, 139–157.
  • Lidova, M. A. (2021). Istoriya Muranskogo diptikha, ili Skaz o tom, kak pervye vizantinisty oklad iskali [The history of the Murano diptych, or the tale of how the first Byzantinists searched for the cover]. Antichnoe iskusstvo i arkheologiya, 11, 345–367.
  • Mango, C. (Ed.). (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press.
  • Milne, M. J. (1939). Kylichnis. American Journal of Archaeology, 43(2), 248–252.
  • Milliken, W. M. (1951, December). A Byzantine Ivory of the Early Christian Period. The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, 38(10), 228–230.
  • Milliken, W. M. (1947). Byzantine jewelry and associated pieces. The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, 34(7), 166–183.
  • Ness, L. (2014). What’s in the box? Remarks on Some Early Medieval and Early Islamic Precious Containers. Notes in the History of Art, 33(3/4), 67–75.
  • Oikonomides, N. (1977). John VII Palaeologus and Ivory Pyxis at Dumbarton Oaks. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 31, 329–335.
  • Roberts, S. R. (1978). The Attic Pyxis. Ares Publishers.
  • Smith, E. B. (1918). Early Christian Iconography and a School of Ivory Carvers in Provence. Princeton University Press.
  • Shalem, A. (2019). What’s all the Fuss about the ‘Humeima Ivories’: A Note about the History of Writing on Early Carved Ivories in the Lands of Islam. In M. Di Cesare (Ed.), Sharing material culture: Ivory and bone artefacts from the Mediterranean to the Caspian Sea from
  • Antiquity to the Middle Ages (Quaderni di Vicino Oriente XV, pp. 171–184). Roma: Sapienza Università di Roma.
  • Studer-Karlen, M. (2010). Zur spätantiken Elfenbeinpyxis in Sion. BOREAS: Münstersche Beiträge zur Archäologie, 33, 43–54.
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (1914). Guide to the loan exhibition of the J. Pierpont Morgan collection. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • The Cleveland Museum of Art. (1978). Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978. The Cleveland Museum of Art.
  • Volbach, W. F. (1916). Elfenbeinarbeiten der Spätantike und des frühen Mittelalters. L. Wilckens.
  • Wamser, L. (Hg.). (2004). Die Welt von Byzanz: Europas östliches Erbe. München: Münch Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte.
  • Weitzmann, K. (1977). The late Roman world. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 35(2), 2–96. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • Weitzmann, K. (1966). Various aspects of Byzantine influence on the Latin countries from the sixth to the twelfth century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 20, 1–24.
  • Weitzmann, K. (1960). The survival of mythological representations in early Christian and Byzantine art and their impact on Christian iconography.
  • Wills, G. (1968). Ivory. Arco

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 9, 232 - 255, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.60051/medbel.1823952
https://izlik.org/JA92NC36MH

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aydın, A. (2005). İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzelerindeki fildişi pyksis. Belleten, 69(254), 59– 64.
  • British Museum. (1901). Catalogue of early Christian antiquities and objects from the Christian East in the Department of British and mediaeval antiquities and ethnography of the British Museum (O. M. Dalton, Ed.). British Museum.
  • Campini, R. (2023). Art from the Borders? Wolfgang Fritz Volbach and the Localization of a Group of Early Christian Ivory Pyxides in the Caucasus. In A. Palladino, R. Campini, A.
  • Moraschi, & I. Foletti (Eds.), Re-thinking Late Antique Armenia: Historiography, Material Culture, and Heritage (Convivium. Supplementum, 2023/1, pp. 152–167). Brepols.
  • Carile, M. C. (2020). Ivory Production: Commerce, Culture and Power. In S. Cosentino (Ed.), Ravenna and the Traditions of Late Antique and Early Byzantine Craftsmanship: Labour, Culture, and the Economy (pp. 115–132). De Gruyter.
  • Culter, A. (1991). Ivory. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 2. New York, 1026–1027.
  • Cutler, A. (1994). The hand of the Master: Craftsmanship, Ivory, and Society in Byzantium (9th–11th centuries). Princeton University Press.
  • Cutler, A., & Niewöhner, P. (2016). Towards a history of Byzantine Ivory Carving from the Late 6th to the Late 9th Century. Travaux et Mémoires, 20, 89–106.
  • Çelik, A. T. (2024). Bizans Sanatında Fildişi Malzeme Kullanımı (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi.
  • Daim, F. (Ed.). (2019). Brill’s history and culture of Byzantium. Brill.
  • Dalton, O. M. (1909). Catalogue of the Carved Ivories of the Christian Era with Examples of Mohammedan Art and Carvings in Bone. Order of the Trustees.
  • Dalton, O. M. (1911). Byzantine art and archaeology. Clarendon Press.
  • Delassus, M. (2018). A propos d’une pyxide en ivoire protobyzantine conservée au musée du Louvre. In A. Boud'hors & C. Louis (Eds.), Études coptes XV: Dix-septième journée d'études (Lisbonne, 18–20 juin 2015). De Boccard.
  • Duffy, J., & Vikan, G. (1983). A Small Box in John Moschus. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 24(1), 93–98.
  • Haldon, J. (2020). Concluding remarks on. In S. Cosentino (Ed.), Ravenna and the Traditions of Late Antique and Early Byzantine Craftsmanship (p. 314). Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
  • Hamarneh, B. (2023). Sculpta ab ingeniosa manu? Some thoughts on the ivory pyxis from the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Mitteilungen zur Christlichen Archäologie, 29, 51–70. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • James, L. (1996). Light and colour in Byzantine art. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Jutta Frings (Ed.), Byzanz: Pracht und Alltag (Bonn: Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 2010).
  • Kaya, İ. (2024). Bizans Dönemi’nde Fildişi: Tedarik, Ticaret, Üretim ve Eserler, Çanakkale: Paradigma Akademi Yayınevi.
  • Kaya Zenbilci, İ. (2020). Walters Sanat Müzesi’nden Bizans Dönemi’ne Ait Ünik Bir Meryem ‘Deksiokratousa’ İkonası. Kaya Zenbilci, İ. Ve Akmetov, İ. N. (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Culture And Civilization. Abstract And Proceedings, August 21–22, 2020, Trabzon, 139–157.
  • Lidova, M. A. (2021). Istoriya Muranskogo diptikha, ili Skaz o tom, kak pervye vizantinisty oklad iskali [The history of the Murano diptych, or the tale of how the first Byzantinists searched for the cover]. Antichnoe iskusstvo i arkheologiya, 11, 345–367.
  • Mango, C. (Ed.). (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press.
  • Milne, M. J. (1939). Kylichnis. American Journal of Archaeology, 43(2), 248–252.
  • Milliken, W. M. (1951, December). A Byzantine Ivory of the Early Christian Period. The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, 38(10), 228–230.
  • Milliken, W. M. (1947). Byzantine jewelry and associated pieces. The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, 34(7), 166–183.
  • Ness, L. (2014). What’s in the box? Remarks on Some Early Medieval and Early Islamic Precious Containers. Notes in the History of Art, 33(3/4), 67–75.
  • Oikonomides, N. (1977). John VII Palaeologus and Ivory Pyxis at Dumbarton Oaks. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 31, 329–335.
  • Roberts, S. R. (1978). The Attic Pyxis. Ares Publishers.
  • Smith, E. B. (1918). Early Christian Iconography and a School of Ivory Carvers in Provence. Princeton University Press.
  • Shalem, A. (2019). What’s all the Fuss about the ‘Humeima Ivories’: A Note about the History of Writing on Early Carved Ivories in the Lands of Islam. In M. Di Cesare (Ed.), Sharing material culture: Ivory and bone artefacts from the Mediterranean to the Caspian Sea from
  • Antiquity to the Middle Ages (Quaderni di Vicino Oriente XV, pp. 171–184). Roma: Sapienza Università di Roma.
  • Studer-Karlen, M. (2010). Zur spätantiken Elfenbeinpyxis in Sion. BOREAS: Münstersche Beiträge zur Archäologie, 33, 43–54.
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (1914). Guide to the loan exhibition of the J. Pierpont Morgan collection. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • The Cleveland Museum of Art. (1978). Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978. The Cleveland Museum of Art.
  • Volbach, W. F. (1916). Elfenbeinarbeiten der Spätantike und des frühen Mittelalters. L. Wilckens.
  • Wamser, L. (Hg.). (2004). Die Welt von Byzanz: Europas östliches Erbe. München: Münch Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte.
  • Weitzmann, K. (1977). The late Roman world. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 35(2), 2–96. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • Weitzmann, K. (1966). Various aspects of Byzantine influence on the Latin countries from the sixth to the twelfth century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 20, 1–24.
  • Weitzmann, K. (1960). The survival of mythological representations in early Christian and Byzantine art and their impact on Christian iconography.
  • Wills, G. (1968). Ivory. Arco

IVORY PYXİDES IN BYZANTİNE ART

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 9, 232 - 255, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.60051/medbel.1823952
https://izlik.org/JA92NC36MH

Öz

This study examines Byzantine ivory pyxides in terms of their material, form, typology, and iconography, with the aim of evaluating their place within the artistic production of the period. While pyxides served secular purposes in the Roman world, during the Byzantine era they came to be used exclusively for religious functions. This transformation is also reflected in their iconographic programs, in which the depicted scenes underscore the new liturgical role of these objects. The research is limited to examples made entirely of ivory. These pyxides have been classified according to the design of their lids, resulting in the establishment of an original typology. The difficulty and high cost of procuring ivory indicate that such objects were luxury items produced for affluent individuals and served as markers of social status. Assessments regarding production centers point to workshops active in major artistic hubs such as Constantinople, Rome, Ravenna, and Alexandria. However, the scarcity of archaeological evidence makes it difficult to confirm the existence and operation of these workshops with certainty. Since most pyxides have been discovered incidentally rather than through systematic excavations, establishing precise dates for them remains problematic. Consequently, existing chronological proposals rely largely on relative stylistic and iconographic assessments. The analysis demonstrates that Byzantine ivory pyxides evolved from purely functional containers into liturgical objects shaped by Christian iconography. These objects should be regarded as refined artifacts that reflect the artistic, religious, and economic dimensions of Byzantine culture.

Etik Beyan

This study was conducted within the scope of a research category that does not require approval from an ethics committee. No human or animal subjects were involved, and no surveys, interviews, or experimental procedures were carried out. All materials and data used in the study were obtained from open-access academic sources, published literature, and museum collection records.

Teşekkür

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Csilla Balogh for her valuable contributions to this article.

Kaynakça

  • Aydın, A. (2005). İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzelerindeki fildişi pyksis. Belleten, 69(254), 59– 64.
  • British Museum. (1901). Catalogue of early Christian antiquities and objects from the Christian East in the Department of British and mediaeval antiquities and ethnography of the British Museum (O. M. Dalton, Ed.). British Museum.
  • Campini, R. (2023). Art from the Borders? Wolfgang Fritz Volbach and the Localization of a Group of Early Christian Ivory Pyxides in the Caucasus. In A. Palladino, R. Campini, A.
  • Moraschi, & I. Foletti (Eds.), Re-thinking Late Antique Armenia: Historiography, Material Culture, and Heritage (Convivium. Supplementum, 2023/1, pp. 152–167). Brepols.
  • Carile, M. C. (2020). Ivory Production: Commerce, Culture and Power. In S. Cosentino (Ed.), Ravenna and the Traditions of Late Antique and Early Byzantine Craftsmanship: Labour, Culture, and the Economy (pp. 115–132). De Gruyter.
  • Culter, A. (1991). Ivory. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 2. New York, 1026–1027.
  • Cutler, A. (1994). The hand of the Master: Craftsmanship, Ivory, and Society in Byzantium (9th–11th centuries). Princeton University Press.
  • Cutler, A., & Niewöhner, P. (2016). Towards a history of Byzantine Ivory Carving from the Late 6th to the Late 9th Century. Travaux et Mémoires, 20, 89–106.
  • Çelik, A. T. (2024). Bizans Sanatında Fildişi Malzeme Kullanımı (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi.
  • Daim, F. (Ed.). (2019). Brill’s history and culture of Byzantium. Brill.
  • Dalton, O. M. (1909). Catalogue of the Carved Ivories of the Christian Era with Examples of Mohammedan Art and Carvings in Bone. Order of the Trustees.
  • Dalton, O. M. (1911). Byzantine art and archaeology. Clarendon Press.
  • Delassus, M. (2018). A propos d’une pyxide en ivoire protobyzantine conservée au musée du Louvre. In A. Boud'hors & C. Louis (Eds.), Études coptes XV: Dix-septième journée d'études (Lisbonne, 18–20 juin 2015). De Boccard.
  • Duffy, J., & Vikan, G. (1983). A Small Box in John Moschus. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 24(1), 93–98.
  • Haldon, J. (2020). Concluding remarks on. In S. Cosentino (Ed.), Ravenna and the Traditions of Late Antique and Early Byzantine Craftsmanship (p. 314). Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
  • Hamarneh, B. (2023). Sculpta ab ingeniosa manu? Some thoughts on the ivory pyxis from the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Mitteilungen zur Christlichen Archäologie, 29, 51–70. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • James, L. (1996). Light and colour in Byzantine art. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Jutta Frings (Ed.), Byzanz: Pracht und Alltag (Bonn: Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 2010).
  • Kaya, İ. (2024). Bizans Dönemi’nde Fildişi: Tedarik, Ticaret, Üretim ve Eserler, Çanakkale: Paradigma Akademi Yayınevi.
  • Kaya Zenbilci, İ. (2020). Walters Sanat Müzesi’nden Bizans Dönemi’ne Ait Ünik Bir Meryem ‘Deksiokratousa’ İkonası. Kaya Zenbilci, İ. Ve Akmetov, İ. N. (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Culture And Civilization. Abstract And Proceedings, August 21–22, 2020, Trabzon, 139–157.
  • Lidova, M. A. (2021). Istoriya Muranskogo diptikha, ili Skaz o tom, kak pervye vizantinisty oklad iskali [The history of the Murano diptych, or the tale of how the first Byzantinists searched for the cover]. Antichnoe iskusstvo i arkheologiya, 11, 345–367.
  • Mango, C. (Ed.). (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press.
  • Milne, M. J. (1939). Kylichnis. American Journal of Archaeology, 43(2), 248–252.
  • Milliken, W. M. (1951, December). A Byzantine Ivory of the Early Christian Period. The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, 38(10), 228–230.
  • Milliken, W. M. (1947). Byzantine jewelry and associated pieces. The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, 34(7), 166–183.
  • Ness, L. (2014). What’s in the box? Remarks on Some Early Medieval and Early Islamic Precious Containers. Notes in the History of Art, 33(3/4), 67–75.
  • Oikonomides, N. (1977). John VII Palaeologus and Ivory Pyxis at Dumbarton Oaks. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 31, 329–335.
  • Roberts, S. R. (1978). The Attic Pyxis. Ares Publishers.
  • Smith, E. B. (1918). Early Christian Iconography and a School of Ivory Carvers in Provence. Princeton University Press.
  • Shalem, A. (2019). What’s all the Fuss about the ‘Humeima Ivories’: A Note about the History of Writing on Early Carved Ivories in the Lands of Islam. In M. Di Cesare (Ed.), Sharing material culture: Ivory and bone artefacts from the Mediterranean to the Caspian Sea from
  • Antiquity to the Middle Ages (Quaderni di Vicino Oriente XV, pp. 171–184). Roma: Sapienza Università di Roma.
  • Studer-Karlen, M. (2010). Zur spätantiken Elfenbeinpyxis in Sion. BOREAS: Münstersche Beiträge zur Archäologie, 33, 43–54.
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (1914). Guide to the loan exhibition of the J. Pierpont Morgan collection. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • The Cleveland Museum of Art. (1978). Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978. The Cleveland Museum of Art.
  • Volbach, W. F. (1916). Elfenbeinarbeiten der Spätantike und des frühen Mittelalters. L. Wilckens.
  • Wamser, L. (Hg.). (2004). Die Welt von Byzanz: Europas östliches Erbe. München: Münch Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte.
  • Weitzmann, K. (1977). The late Roman world. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 35(2), 2–96. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • Weitzmann, K. (1966). Various aspects of Byzantine influence on the Latin countries from the sixth to the twelfth century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 20, 1–24.
  • Weitzmann, K. (1960). The survival of mythological representations in early Christian and Byzantine art and their impact on Christian iconography.
  • Wills, G. (1968). Ivory. Arco
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sanat Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Asena Tuğçenur Önen 0009-0008-4183-4761

Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Kasım 2025
Kabul Tarihi 7 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.60051/medbel.1823952
IZ https://izlik.org/JA92NC36MH
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 9

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Önen, Asena Tuğçenur. 2025. “BİZANS DÖNEMİNDE FİLDİŞİ PİKSİSLER”. Medeniyet Kültürel Araştırmalar Belleteni 5 (9): 232-55. https://doi.org/10.60051/medbel.1823952.