Determination of effects of some fungicides used in hazelnut growing areas against Trichoderma species

Abstract

In this study, the effects of some fungicides (boscalid+kresoxim methyl, fluopyram+tebuconazole, sulphur ve tetraconazole) used for control of powdery mildew disease in hazelnuts on Trichoderma harzianum (11-TTR-2), T. hamatum (F4), T. atroviride (T-4-5) and T. asperellum (T-11-25) were evaluated under in vitro conditions. The study showed that all concentrations (0.25×, 0.5×, 1.0× and 2.0×) of the fungicides significantly reduced the mycelial growth, spore germination and germ-tube elongation of Trichoderma isolates, when comparing to the control (P<0.05). Especially, fluopyram+tebuconazole was found to have the higher inhibitory effect to mycelial growth, spore germination and germ-tube elongation of all the isolates. Even at the lowest concentration (0.0625 mL L-1) used in the study, fluopyram+tebuconazole completely inhibited the mycelial growth of T. hamatum and T. asperellum, whereas it reduced mycelial growth of T. harzianum and T. atroviride by 93.97% and 89.48%, respectively. On the other hand, tetraconazole at a much higher concentration (1.0 mL L-1) were able to decrease the mycelial growth of T. harzianum and T. atroviride by 82.16% and 95.61%, respectively. Boscalid+kresoxim methyl and sulphur inhibited the mycelial growth of all four isolates at rates between 26.64-63.59% and 6.75-30.81%, respectively. The EC50 and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values indicated that fluopyram+tebuconazole was more toxic to all the isolates than tetraconazole. As a result, this study showed that boscalid+kresoxim methyl and sulphur can be recommended in hazelnut orchards, where Trichoderma spp. should be used against Xylosandrus germanus.

Keywords

• Hazelnut
• Powdery mildew
• Fungicides
• Mycoparasitic fungus
• Trichoderma
• Trichoderma

Fındık üretim alanlarında kullanılan bazı fungisitlerin Trichoderma türlerine karşı etkilerinin belirlenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, fındıkta külleme hastalığının kontrolü için kullanılan bazı fungisit (boscalid+kresoxim methyl, fluopyram+tebuconazole, kükürt ve tetraconazole)’lerin Trichoderma harzianum (11-TTR-2), T. hamatum (F4), T. atroviride (T-4-5) ve T. asperellum (T-11-25) üzerine etkileri in vitro koşullarda değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma, fungisitlerin bütün konsantrasyonları (0.25×, 0.5×, 1.0× ve 2.0×)’nın kontrol ile karşılaştırıldığında, Trichoderma izolatlarının misel gelişimini, spor çimlenmesini ve çim tüpü uzamasını önemli derecede azalttığını göstermiştir (P<0.05). Özellikle, fluopyram+tebuconazole’un dört izolatın misel gelişimi, spor çimlenmesi ve çim tüpü uzaması için daha yüksek engelleyici etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan en düşük konsantrasyon (0.0625 mL L-1)’da bile fluopyram+tebuconazole, T. hamatum ve T. asperellum’un misel gelişimi tamamen engellemiştir, halbuki T. harzianum ve T. atroviride’nin misel gelişimini sırasıyla %93.97 ve %89.48’e kadar azaltmıştır. Diğer taraftan, tetraconazole çok daha yüksek bir konsantrasyonda (1.0 mL L-1) T. harzianum ve T. atroviride’nin misel gelişimini sırasıyla %82.16 ve %95.61’e kadar azaltabilmiştir. Boscalid+kresoxim methyl ve kükürt, dört Trichoderma izolatının misel gelişimini sırasıyla %26.64-63.59 ve %6.75-30.8 arasında değişen oranlarda engellemiştir. Fluopyram+tebuconazole’ün EC50 ve minimum engelleyici konsantrasyon (MIC) değerlerinin tüm izolatlar için tetraconazole’den çok daha toksik olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma boscalid+kresoxim methyl ve kükürtün Trichoderma spp.’nin Xylosandrus germanus’a karşı kullanılması gereken fındık bahçelerinde önerilebileceğini göstermiştir.

Keywords

• Fındık
• Külleme
• Fungisitler
• Trichoderma
• Trichoderma
• Trichoderma
• Trichoderma
• Mikoparazitik fungus

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