MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line Treated with Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius): Evaluation by Annexin V and AgNOR Staining

Abstract

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to examine the time and dose dependent effects of Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) on MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Material and Methods: MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line was used in the study. MDA-MB-231 cells were exposed to ginseng at 37°C and 5% CO2 for varying durations (24 and 48 hours) and doses (1 and 2 μg/ml ginseng). At the end of the incubation period, viability, apoptosis, cell cycle and Argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region (AgNOR) protein status of MDA-MB-231 cells were examined in the Muse Cell Analyzer. Results: It was observed that the dose inducing apoptosis was 1 μg/ml ginseng for 24 and 48 hours, and 2 μg/ml ginseng for 48 hours in the group that stopped the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. When comparing the two groups; while no difference was determined between the control and 1 µg/ml ginseng groups, the significant differences were detected between the control and 2 µg/ml ginseng groups for mean AgNOR number in 48 hours incubation. However, there was no significant difference for the TAA/NA ratio, in the groups for 48 hours. Conclusion: The current study showed that ginseng had a crucial function against cancer development. Also, both AgNOR values might be used as biomarkers for detection of the most reliable therapeutic dose selection for cancer and it has been shown that correct consumption of Ginseng can be effective in preventing cancer formation and slowing its progression.

Keywords

• Ginseng
• , MDA-MB-231
• AgNOR

Kaynakça

1. Din FV, Valanciute A, Houde VP, et al. Aspirin inhibits mTOR signaling, activates AMP-activated protein kinase, and induces autophagy in colorectal cancer cells. Gastroenterol. 2012;142:1504-15.
2. Lee I-S, Kang KS, Kim S-Y. Panax ginseng pharmacopuncture: current status of the research and future challenges. Biomolecules. 2019;10:33.
3. Baeg I-H, So S-H. The world ginseng market and the ginseng (Korea). J Ginseng Res. 2013;37:1.
4. Ertekin T, Bozkurt O, Eroz R, et al. May argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region–associated protein synthesis be used for selection of the most reliable dose of the drugs such as Rhamnetin in cancer treatments. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2016;117:653–8.
5. Nisari M, Eröz R. Does capsaicin have therapeutic benefits in human colon adenocarcinoma? Selection of the most reliable dose via AgNOR. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50:1076-81.
6. Nag SA, Qin J-J, Wang W, et al. Ginsenosides as anticancer agents: in vitro and in vivo activities, structure–activity relationships, and molecular mechanisms of action. Front Pharmacol. 2012;3:25.
7. Berghe WV. Epigenetic impact of dietary polyphenols in cancer chemoprevention: lifelong remodeling of our epigenomes. Pharmacol Res. 2012;65:565-76.
8. Oh J, Yoon H-J, Jang J-H, et al. The standardized Korean Red Ginseng extract and its ingredient ginsenoside Rg3 inhibit manifestation of breast cancer stem cell–like properties through modulation of self-renewal signaling. J Ginseng Res. 2019;43:421-30.

9. Liu W, Xu S, Che C-T. Anti-proliferative effect of ginseng saponins on human prostate cancer cell line. Life Sci. 2000;67:1297-306.
10. Popovich DG, Yeo SY, Zhang W. Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) root extract combinations increase hepatocarcinoma cell (Hep-G2) viability. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:408273.
11. Wang C-Z, Aung HH, Zhang B, et al. Chemopreventive effects of heat-processed Panax quinquefolius root on human breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 2008;28:2545-51.
12. King M, Murphy L. Role of cyclin inhibitor protein p21 in the inhibition of HCT116 human colon cancer cell proliferation by American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and its constituents. Phytomedicine. 2010;17:261-8.
13. Sohn J, Lee C-H, Chung DJ, et al. Effect of petroleum ether extract of Panax ginseng roots on proliferation and cell cycle progression of human renal cell carcinoma cells. Exp Mol Med. 1998;30:47-51.
14. Kim S-J, Kim AK. Anti-breast cancer activity of Fine Black ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) and ginsenoside Rg5. J Ginseng Res. 2015;39:125-34.
15. Choi S, Kim TW, Singh SV. Ginsenoside Rh2-mediated G1 Phase Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Breast Cancer Cells Is Caused by p15 Ink⁴B and p27 Kip¹-dependent Inhibition of Cyclin-dependent Kinases. Pharm Res. 2009:26:2280-8.