Bir Denetimler Dünyasına Cevap: Suriye’den Lübnan’a Giden Filistinli Mültecilere Yönelik Araştırmalarda Sömürülmekten Kurtaran Bir Araç Olarak Sözlü Tarih

Öz

Bu makale, sabit bölgesel alanlar olarak geleneksel sınır kavramının geçerliliğini sorgulamaktadır. 2011 yılında Suriye’den Lübnan’a kaçan ve hâlâ Lübnan’da tabiiyetsiz şekilde yaşayan sekiz Filistinli mültecinin anlatılarını, bir yöntem ve eleştiri olarak sözlü tarih vasıtasıyla inceledim. Sözlü tarih, geçmiş ve güncel olayların anlatılarına erişim imkânı sağlayan metodolojik bir güce sahiptir. Bu anlatıların bir kısmı, 1948 yılında halkın Filistin’den toplu şekilde tahliye edildiği Nakba/Nekbe felaket [günü] olayını mevcut Suriye kriziyle ilişkilendirmektedir. Bu güncel Suriye krizi de Suriye’den gelen Filistinliler tarafından yeni ve süregelen Nakba/Nekbe şeklinden algılanmaktadır. Bu anlatıların sahipleri sınır geçmeyi sıklıkla kendi gerçekliklerinin nüfuz eden bir parça olarak tecrübe ederler. Bu gerçeklik ayrıca sınırların tabiiyetsiz insanların hayatları üzerinde empoze ettiği tehditlerin bir sonucu olan “sosyal ölüm” şeklinde tanımlanabilir. Bu hikâyelerin bir sınırlar dünyasına cevap sunarken ulus devlet kaynaklı sabit alanlar olarak sınırlar düzenine meydan okuduğunu iddia etmekteyim. Öz düşünümsellik, bölüşülmüş otorite ve ilişki sürdürme stratejilerini kullanarak bir Avrupa ülkesi pasaportu bulundurma ayrıcalığı gibi bir ayrıcalığa sahip olmanın, coğrafi bölgeler arasında belgeyle geçiş yapma tecrübesine sahip olmanın bir denetimler dünyasına cevap yolu olmasını tartışmaya açıyorum.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Suriyeli Filistinliler , Tabiiyetsizlik , Sınırlar ,Sözlü tarih , Nakba/Nekbe Felaket , Zorunlu göç

Speaking Back to a World of Checkpoints: Oral History as a Decolonizing Tool in the Study of Palestinian Refugees from Syria in Lebanon

Öz

This article questions the validity of conventional notions of borders as fixed territorial areas. Through oral history as a method and critique, I examine the narratives of eight persons who are Palestinian stateless refugees from Syrian who have escaped to neighboring Lebanon since 2011. Oral history has a methodological strength that allows access to narratives of past and present events, some of which link the mass eviction of people from Palestine in 1948 – known as Al-Nakba the Catastrophe , to the currentday Syrian crisis, which is perceived by Palestinians from Syria as a new and ongoing Nakba al Nakba al mustamirrah in Arabic . The narrators of this often experience border crossing as a pervasive part of their reality one that can be described as “social death,” a result of the limitations imposed by borders on the lives of stateless people. I argue that the accounts presented speak back to a world of borders whilst challenging the nation-state driven order of borders as fixed spaces. Through strategies of self-reflexivity, shared authority and maintaining relations, I open a discussion of how to use privilege, for example the privilege of possessing a European passport, and having the recourses to document experiences across geographical areas, as a way of speaking back to a world of checkpoints whilst advocating a process of research decolonization.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Palestinians of Syria , Statelessness , Borders ,Oral history , Al-Nakba , Forced migration

Kaynakça

1. Akram, S. M. (2011). Myths and realities of the Palestinian refugee problem: Reframing the right of return. In S. M. Akram, M. Dumper, M. Lyrik, & I. Scobble (Eds.), International law and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. A right-based approach to Middle East peace (pp. 13−45). New York, NY: Routledge.
2. Al-Akhbar. (2014, June 16). Palestinians deported to no-man’s-land between Lebanon and Syria. Al-Akhbar. Retrived from http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/20194
3. Al-Hardan, A. (2014). Decolonizing research on Palestinians: Towards critical epistemologies and research practices. Qualitative Inquiry, 20(1), 61−71.
4. Al-Hardan, A. (2015). Al-Nakbah in Arab thought: The transformation of a concept. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 35(3), 622−638.
5. Al-Hardan, A. (2016). Palestinians from Syria: Nakba memories of shattered communities. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
6. Allan, D. (2007). The politics of witness: Remembering and forgetting 1948 in Shatila Camp. In A. H. Sa’di & L. Abu-Lughod (Eds.), Nakba: Palestine 1948 and the claims of memory (pp. 253−282). New York, NY: Colombia University Press.
7. Allan, D. (2014). Refugees of the revolution. Experiences of Palestinian exile. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
8. Amnesty International. (2014). Denied refuge. Palestinians from Syria in Lebanon. London, UK: Author.

9. Andersson, R. (2014). Illegality Inc. Clandestine migration and the business of bordering Europe. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
10. Arendt, H. (1951). The origin of totalitarianism. New York, NY: Meridian Books.
11. Butler, J. (2014, October 14). The 2014 Edward Said memorial lecture: What is the value of Palestinian lives [Video]. The Jerusalem Fund & Palestine Centre. Retrieved from https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=D8W-LkPbJvc
12. Cacho, L. M. (2013). Social death. Racialized rightlessness and the criminalization of the unprotected. London, UK: New York University Press.
13. Chatty, D. (2010). Displacement and dispossession in the modern Middle East. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
14. Custer, S. Jr. (2011). United Nations Relief and Work Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA): Protection and assistance to Palestine refugees. In S. M. Akram, M. Dumper, M. Lyrik, & I. Scobble (Eds.), International law and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. A right- based approach to Middle East peace (pp. 45−69). New York, NY: Routledge.
15. De Genova, N., & Peutz, N. (Eds.). (2010). The deportation regime. Sovereignty, space and the freedom of movement. London, UK: Duke University Press.
16. Dance, L. J. (2016, January). Difference and deviance and threat, oh my Social death and media discourses about marginalized youths in Sweden and the U.S. Paper presented at Akademisk Studenterkursus. Copenhagen, Denmark.
17. Doumani, B. (2009). Archiving Palestine and the Palestinians: The patrimony of Ihsan Nimr. Jerusalem Quarterly, 36, 3−12.
18. Eliassi, B. (2016). Statelessness in a world of nation-states: The case of Kurdish diaspora in Sweden and the UK. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42(9), 1403−1419.
19. El-Malek, L. (2006). Palestinian refugees in international law: Status, challenges, and solutions. Immigration, Asylum, and Nationality Law, 20(3), 179−196.
20. Feldman, I. (2012). The challenge of categorising: UNRWA and the definition of a “Palestine refugee.” Journal of Refugee Studies, 25(3), 387−406.
21. Feldman, I., & Ticktin, M. (Eds). (2010). In the name of humanity. The government of threat and care. London, UK: Duke University Press.
22. Frisch, M. (1990). A shared authority. Essays on the craft and meaning on oral and public history. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
23. Gregory, D. (2004). The colonial present. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing.
24. Haraway, D. (2003). Situated knowledge: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. In Y. S. Lincoln & N. K. Denzin (Eds.), Turning points in qualitative research: Tying knots in a handkerchief (pp. 21−46). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
25. Haraway, D. (2004). The Haraway reader. New York , NY: Routledge.
26. Human Rights Watch. (2014). Lebanon: Palestinians barred, sent to syria. Retrieved May 6, 2014 from http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/05/05/lebanon-palestinians-barred-sent-syria
27. Khalili, L. (2007). Heroes and martyrs of Palestine. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
28. Knudsen, A. (2007). The law, the loss and the lives of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon (Chr. Michelsen Institute Working Papers, 2007/1).
29. Lugones, M. (2010). Towards a decolonial feminism. Hypatia, 25(4), 742−759.
30. Lundsfryd, M. (2015). A world of checkpoints. Border crossing experiences of Palestinian refugees from Syria in Lebanon (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/ record/5159346
31. Megoran, N. (2006). For ethnography in political geography: Experiencing and re-imagining Ferghana Valley boundary closures. Political Geography, 25(6), 622−640.
32. Mernissi, F. (1994). Dreams of tresspass: Tales of a Harem girlhood. Cambridge, MA: Perseus.
33. Minister, K. (1991). A feminist frame for the oral history interview. In S. Gluck, & D. Patai (Eds.), Women’s words: The feminist practice of oral history (pp. 27−42). New York, NY: Routledge.
34. Moghli, M. A., Bitarie, N., & Gabiam, N. (2015, October 19). Palestinian refugees from Syria: Stranded on the margins of law. Retrieved from https://al-shabaka.org/briefs/palestinian- refugees-from-syria-stranded-on-the-margins-of-law/
35. Moyn, S. (2012). The last utopia. Human rights in history. London, UK: Harvard University Press.
36. Nazzal, N. (1978). The Palestinian exodus from Galilee. Beirut, Lebanon: Institute of Palestine Studies.
37. Palestinian Refugees Portal. (2016). Retrieved on 10/24/2016 from http://refugeesps.net/
38. Patterson, O. (1982). Slavery and social death: A comparative study. Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press.
39. Portelli, A. (1991). The death of Luigi Trastulli: Form and meaning in oral history. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
40. Qandil, M. (2013). Palestinian refugees fleeing Syria: Restricted access to safe territory and protection in the Middle East. Journal of Palestinian Refugee Studies, 3(2), 33−38.
41. Razack, S. (2008). Casting out: The eviction of Muslims from western law and politics. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
42. Rollins, T. (2016, October 18). Palestinian refugee camp in the line of fire. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved from http://www.dw.com/en/palestinian-refugee-camp-in-the-line-of-fire/a-36074975
43. Salih, R. (2016). Bodies that walk, bodeis that talk, bodies that love: Palestiniansn women refugees, affectivity, and the politics of the ordinary. Antipode. Advance Online Publication. http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/anti.12299
44. Sa’di, A., & Abu-Lughod, L. (Eds.) (2007). Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the claims of memory. New York, NY: Colombia University Press.
45. Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. New York, NY: Random House.
46. Sayigh, R. (1994). Too many enemies. The Palestinian experience in Lebanon. London, UK: Zed Books Ltd.
47. Sayigh, R. (2013). The price of statelessness: Palestinian refugees from Syria. Retrieved May 15, 2013 from http://al-shabaka.org/price-statelessness-palestinian-refugees-syria?page=show# footnoteref3
48. Sayigh, R. (2014). Oral history, colonialism, dispossession, and the state: The Palestinian case. Settler Colonial Studies, 5(3), 193−204.
49. Shopes, L. (2013). What oral history is, and isn’t. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials (pp. 135−170). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
50. Spivak, G. C. (1995). Can the subaltern speak? In B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths, & H. Tiffin (Eds.), The postcolonial studies reader (pp. 28−37). London, UK: Routledge.
51. Steinberg, P. E. (2009). Sovereignty, territory and the mapping of mobility: A view from the outside. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 99(3), 467–495.
52. Strickland, P. (2016). ISIL and Nusra put Yarmouk civilians in line of fire. Aljazeera Retrived April 15, 2016 from http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/isil-nusra-put-yarmouk-civilians-line- fire-160414065149261.html
53. Tawil-Souri, H. (2015). Between digital flows and territorial borders: ICTs in the Palestine-Israel- EU matrix. In R. A. Del Sarto (Ed.), Fragmented borders, interdependence and external relations: The Israel-Palestine-European Union triangle (pp. 107–126). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137504142_6
54. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2014). Who is stateless and where? Retrieved September 12, 2014 from http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c15e.html
55. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2015). Refugees from Syria: Lebanon. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
56. United Nations Relief and Works Agency. (2014a). Syria regional crisis response 78. Retrieved September 22, 2014 from http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/emergency-reports/syria-regional- crisis-response-78
57. United Nations Relief and Works Agency. (2014b). PRS in Lebanon. Retrieved from http://www. unrwa.org/prs-lebanon
58. United Nations Relief and Works Agency. (2014c). Syria regional crisis response – December 2014 midyear review. Retrieved September 12, 2014 from http://www.unrwa.org/sites/default/files/ syria_regional_crisis_response_midyear_review_2014.pdf
59. United Nations Relief and Works Agency (2014d). UNRWA figures. Retrieved from http://www. unrwa.org/sites/default/files/2013042435340.pdf
60. United Nations Relief and Works Agency. (2016). Syrian crisis and Palestine refugees. Retrieved October 24, 2016 from http://www.unrwa.org/syria-crisis#Syria-Crisis-and-Palestine-refugees