Devlet Korkar Muhacir Sıralanır: Göç Kategorilerini Değerlendirmede Bir Yöntem Olarak Tarihsel Analiz

Öz

Bu makale, göç rejimlerinin tarihlerinin, kurumlar ve yasal kategoriler tarafından zorunlu göç çalışmalarında kullanılan kavramların üretilme biçimlerini aydınlatabileceğini iddia etmektedir. 1860’da Muhacirin Komisyonunun kurulmasının akabinde Osmanlı Devleti, muhacirlik konusunu muvakkat bir mesele olmaktan çıkarıp göçü ve yerleşimi merkezî yönetim yoluyla düzenlemeye başlamıştır. Osmanlıca muhacir kelimesinin tercümelerinde göçmen migrant , nüfus azaltıcı emigrant , nüfus arttırıcı immigrant ve mülteci refugee ifadelerinin hepsi yer alır. Terimin anlamındaki bu belirsizlik onun tarihsel kullanımının maddi önemi ile uğraşmayı gerektirir. Çağdaş çeviriler, hareket koşullarını vurgulamakla birlikte göçmen tecrübelerini belirlemek noktasında göçmen nüfusun iç bölümlemelerine dayalı Osmanlı idari kategorileri de aynı derecede önemlidir. Bu makalede Osmanlı Muhacirin Komisyonunun kurumsal tarihini, organizasyon yapısını ve politikalarını inceleyerek yönetimin oluşmasının göçmen nüfusta cinsiyet, yaş, sınıf ve din temelinde nasıl alt kategoriler oluşturduğu görülebilecektir. Göç yönetiminin tarihsel analizi, Osmanlı göçmen teşekkülünün süreçlerini araştırmak için daha net bir çerçeve sunar ve zorunlu göç konusunu çalışan uzmanların göç kategorilerinin evrimini ve devam eden etkisini daha derinlemesine görmelerini sağlar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yönetim • Göç rejimleri • Göçmen kategoriler • Damgalama • Osmanlı İmparatorluğu

State Fears and Immigrant Tiers: Historical Analysis as a Method in Evaluating Migration Categories

Öz

This article argues that histories of migration regimes can illuminate ways in which institutions and legal categories produce concepts used in studies of forced migration. Following the development of the Immigrant Commission Muhacirin Komisyonu in 1860, the Ottoman State shifted from addressing the issue of immigration on an ad hoc basis to organizing migration and settlement through a central administration. Translations of the Ottoman term “muhacir” include migrant, emigrant, immigrant, and refugee. The ambiguity of this term requires engagement with the material significance of its historical usage. Contemporary translations highlight conditions of movement, but Ottoman administrative categories based on internal divisions within the immigrant population were equally important in determining migrant experiences. Through exploring the institutional history, organization, and policies of the Ottoman Immigrant Commission, this article considers how the development of administration created sub-categories within the migrant population based on sex, age, class, and religion. Historical analysis of migration administration offers a more precise framework for investigating processes of Ottoman immigrant incorporation and provides researchers of forced migration insight into the evolution and persisting impact of migration categories.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Governance • Migration regimes • Migrant categories • Labeling • Ottoman Empire

Kaynakça

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