The Plight of Refugees in the Mediterranean Basin as Evidence of Genocidal Intent: Interpreting Forced Migration from Bosnia, Cyprus, Iraq, Libya, and Syria

Öz

Since the 1980s, it has become increasingly common for members of the international community to condemn as “genocide” such policies as forcing communities to flee their homes because they are seen as a security risk. The treatment of the Baha’i by Iran attracted condemnation during the 1980s that included such acts to be classified as genocide by a UN-commissioned study on genocide. Other mass refugee exoduses resulted in occasional recognitions of genocide, including some resulting in action, such as India’s declaring a genocide of the Bengalis and Hindus in East Pakistan, and Vietnam’s declaring a genocide in communist Cambodia. Starting in 1992, Turkey and other Eastern Mediterranean powers began to criticize Bosnian Serb and Serbian policies of “ethnic cleansing” against Bosnian Muslims, declaring them to be a “form of genocide.” The condemnation of the Bosnian Serbs for having committed genocide led to military intervention. This paper begins with concepts defined by international law and used to address the treatment of forced migrants. It then describes the law of genocidal intent during times of war or other threats to national security. Its thesis is that courts could utilize the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia to apply the proscription against genocide to the plight of refugees from the Eastern Mediterranean.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Genocide
• Refugees
• Tribunals
• Bosnia
• Iraq
• Syria

Akdeniz Havzasında Soykırımcı Niyetin Kanıtı Olarak Mültecilerin Dramı: Bosna, Kıbrıs, Irak, Libya ve Suriye Üzerinden Zorunlu Göçü Yorumlamak

Öz

Uluslararası toplum, 1980’lerden bu yana giderek artan bir şekilde çeşitli toplulukların evlerini terk etmeye zorlanmalarını, güvenlik riski şeklinde değerlendirdikleri için bu durumu “soykırım” olarak kınamaya başladı. İran’ın Bahailere yönelik eylemleri, BM soykırım araştırma komisyonu tarafından soykırım olarak sınıflandırılan eylemler içerdiğinden 1980’lerde kınanmıştır. Diğer kitlesel mülteci göçleri, zaman zaman soykırım olarak tanımlanmış, bazılarına filli olarak da müdahale edilmiştir. Örneğin Hindistan’ın Doğu Pakistan’daki Bengallilere ve Hindulara yapılanları soykırım ilan etmesi, Vietnam’ın komünist Kamboçya’da yaşananlar için soykırım ilan etmesi bunlar arasında sayılabilir. 1992’den itibaren, Türkiye ve diğer Doğu Akdeniz ülkeleri Bosnalı Sırpları ve Sırpların Bosnalı Müslümanlara karşı “etnik temizlik” politikalarını “bir çeşit soykırım” olarak eleştirmeye başladılar. Boşnakların Sırplar tarafından soykırıma uğradığı suçlaması, askerî müdahaleyi doğurmuştur. Bu makale, uluslararası hukukun zorla göç ettirilenlere yönelik muameleyi tanımladığı kavramlarla başlamaktadır. Daha sonra, savaş zamanlarında veya ulusal güvenliğe yönelik diğer tehditler söz konusuyken soykırımcı niyet hukukunu ele almaktadır. Bu makalenin temel tezi, yargı mercilerinin, Eski Yugoslavya Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesinin içtihatlarını Doğu Akdeniz mültecilerine soykırım yapılmasını engellemek üzere uyarlanabilecekleri şeklindedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Soykırım
• Mülteciler
• Mahkemeler
• Bosna Hersek
• Irak
• Suriye

Kaynakça

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