Politika Tavsiyelerinde Adalet Konusundaki Çıkarlar: Suriye Mülteci Krizi Üzerine Felsefi Bir Yaklaşım

Öz

Yakın tarihte yaşanan Suriye mülteci krizi, mültecilerin ve sığınmacıların statülerine ve haklarına ilişkin kuram boyutu henüz az gelişmiş göç yasası konusunda bir tartışma başlattı. UNHCR tahminlerine göre Türkiye, Suriye’de çatışmalar başladıktan sonra, bir ülkenin sınırları içerisinde dünyadaki en fazla sayıdaki mülteciyi 2,5 milyon civarında barındırıyor. Buna mukabil, bu kimselerin hiçbirisi yasal düzlemde mülteci olarak tanınmamıştır. 1951 Cenevre Sözleşmesi’ne imza atan devletlerinden biri olarak Türkiye, hâlâ “coğrafi sınırlamalar” uygulamakta, Avrupa dışından gelen sığınmacılara mülteci statüsü vermeyip onlara “geçici koruma” statüsü sağlamaktadır. Bu makale, Suriye olayının devletlerin mültecileri geldikleri bölge unsuru içinde tutmak üzere önlemler aldıkları tipik bir “tasarlanmış bölgecilik” örneği olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Bütün bu önlemler, felsefi bir okumayla, doğrudan doğruya mültecilerin yaşamları üzerinde, dolaylı olarak da vatandaşlar üzerinde olumsuz etkilere sahiptir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mülteciler • Normatif kuram • Göç yasası • Türkiye • Koruma

Interests over Justice in Policy Recommendations: A Philosophical Approach on the Syrian Refugee Crisis

Öz

The recent Syrian refugee crisis opened up a debate on the under-theorized issue of migration law regarding the status and the rights of refugees and asylum seekers. According to UNHCR estimates, Turkey has, since the conflict in Syria begun, accommodated the most conspicuous number of refugees in the world around 3 million within its jurisdictional boundaries. Yet, none of them have been recognized legally as refugees. Turkey, one of the signatory states of the 1951 Geneva Convention, still applies “geographical limitations;” that is, it does not grant refugee status to non-European asylum seekers, but rather extends to them a status of “temporary protection.” This paper argues that the Syrian case is a typical case of “engineered regionalism,” according to which states take measures to keep refugees in their region of origin. All such measures, by a philosophical reading, have pernicious implications directly for the lives of refugees and indirectly for citizens themselves.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Refugees • Normative theory • Migration law • Turkey • Protection

Kaynakça

1. Aljazeera. (2016, March 19). Turkey and EU reach landmark deal on refugees: Controversial agreement means that any refugees arriving on Greek shores from Sunday would be sent back to Turkey. Aljazeera. Retrieved from http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/refugee-crisis-eu- pitch-plan-turkey-160318041007574.html
2. Baker, P., & Yardley, G. (2015, September 24). Pope Francis, in Congress, pleads for unity on world’s woes. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/25/us/pope-francis- congress-speech.html?emc=edit_th_20150925&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=61078332&_r=1
3. Benhabib, S. (2011). Dignity and adversity: Human rights in troubled times. Cambridge Mass: Polity Press.
4. Betts, A. (2003). Public goods theory and the provision of refugee protection: The role on the joint- product model in Burden-Sharing Theory. Journal of Refugee Studies, 16(3), 274–96.
5. Brubaker, W. (1990). Immigration, citizenship and the nation state in France and Germany: A comparative historical analysis. International Sociology, 5(4), 379–407.
6. Carens, J. (2008). The rights of irregular migrants. Ethics & International Affairs, 22(2), 199–203.
7. Castles, S., & Loughna, S. (2003). Trends in asylum migration to industrialized countries: 1990- 2001 (Discussion Paper No. 2003/31). Helsinki: United Nations University - World Institute for Development Economics Research.
8. Chemin, J. E., & Gokalp-Aras, E. (2017). Policies and discourses of mass migration in Turkey: From “refugee crisis” to “minority problem”: Religion, ethnic identity and the Turkish state. In M. Barlai, B. Fährmrich, C. Griessler, & M. Rhomberg (Eds.), The migrant crisis: European perspectives and national discourses (pp. 321–336). Berlin, Münter, Wien, Zürich, London: LIT Verlag.

9. Chimni, B. S. (2000). International refugee law: A reader. New Delhi, India: Sage.
10. Collett, E. (2016, March). The paradox of the EU-Turkey refugee deal. Migration Policy Institute (MPI). Retrieved from http://www.migrationpolicy.org/news/paradox-eu-turkey-refugee-deal
11. Çorabatır, M. (2015, February 18). Establishing a new asylum system in Turkey: Opportunities and challenges (unpublished paper). MiReKoç Presentation.
12. Divers, A. R., & Dobbs, L. R. (2015, March 12). UNHCR warns of bleaker future for refugees as Syrian conflict enters 5th year. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/55016fff6.html
13. Fine, S., & Sangiovanni, A. (2014, October 23). Immigration. In D. Moellendorf & H. Widdows (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of global ethics (pp. 193–210). Abingdon, Australia: Routledge.
14. Gibney, M. J. (2007). Forced migration, engineered regionalism and justice between states. In S. Kneebone & F. Rawlings (Eds.), New regionalism and asylum seekers (pp. 57–78). New York, Oxford: Berghahn.
15. İçduygu, A. (2015). Syrian refugees in Turkey: The long road ahead. Migration Policy Institute (MPI). Retrieved from http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/syrian-refugees-turkey-long- road-ahead
16. Mill, J. S. (1999). On liberty. Retrieved from www.bartleby.com/130/
17. Miller, D. (2007). National responsibility and global justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
18. Miller, D. (2013). Border regimes and human rights. Law and Ethics of Human Rights, 7(1), 1–23.
19. Mole, N. (2014). Recent developments on European refugee protection: Perspective from both European courts (Human Rights Litigation Seminar Series-I). Retrieved from https://events. ku.edu.tr/detail.php?i=10934
20. Morello, C. (2016, September). U.S. surpasses Syrian refugee goal set by Obama, expects more next year. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/ world/national-security/us-surpasses-syrian-refugee-goal-set-by-obama-expects-more-next- year/2016/09/27/59cedeb8-84e7-11e6-ac72-a29979381495_story.html
21. Oberoi, P. (2005). Partition. In M. J. Gibney & R. Hansen (Eds.), Immigration and asylum since 1900 (pp. 301–306). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC- Clio.
22. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior Directorate General of Migration Management. (2014). Law of Foreigners and International Protection of Turkey. Retrieved from http://www.goc.gov.tr/files/ files/YUKK_I%CC%87NGI%CC%87LI%CC%87ZCE_BASKI%281%29%281%29.pdf
23. Saul, H. (2015, March 13).Turkey ‘opens fire’ at migrant boat carrying 300 men, women and children from Syria. Independent. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/ europe/turkey-opens-fire-at-migrant-boat-carrying-300-men-women-and-children-from- syria-10106519.html
24. Tolay, J. (2015, February 12). Turkey and the European Union: Cooperating on asylum and migration, for all the wrong reasons. Transatlantic Academy. Retrieved from http://www. transatlanticacademy.org/node/784
25. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (1951). Convention and protocol relating to the status of refugees. Geneva: Author. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.rs/ media/1951UNRefugeeConvention.pdf
26. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2015, June). Worldwide displacement hits all- time high as war and persecution increase. One in every 122 humans is now either a refugee, internally displaced, or seeking asylum. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/558193896.html
27. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2016, September). UNHCR chief pledges more support for Turkey refugee response. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/turkey/home. php?content=712
28. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2017, August). Syrian regional refugee response. Retrieved from http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php