Yunanistan Politik Söyleminde Tarihî Göç Deneyimleri: Politik Meşruiyet İncelemelerinde Eleştirel Söylem Analizi Kullanmak

Öz

Göçlerin tarihi pek çok ulusal bağlamdaki aidiyet söylemi birikimiyle ve kolektif kimliklerin gelişimiyle bağlantılıdır. Ayrıca bunlar birçok ulusal bağlamdaki göç, sığınma ve entegrasyon politikalarını meşrulaştırmak üzere sıklıkla kullanılır. İktidar ilişkileri ve dışlanma dinamikleri ile doğal olarak ilgilenen metodolojik bir yaklaşım olarak Eleştirel Söylem Analizi, parlamento tartışmalarında geçmiş göç deneyimlerine yapılan referansların göç politikalarını meşrulaştırmak ya da meşrulaştırmamak üzere nasıl kullanıldığını anlamak için çok uygundur. Bu çalışmada ülke dışındaki Yunan mültecilerin ülkeye kabulü ve ülkeye göçün tarihinin ulusal kimliğin oluşmasında merkezî olduğu Yunanistan, vaka çalışması olarak ele alınmıştır. Göç ve sığınma konusunda sekiz farklı yasayla ilgili parlamentoda yapılan 20 tartışmanın analizini yaparak eski göç deneyimlerini hatırlamanın hem araçsal hem de ikircikli olduğunu savunuyorum. Farklı siyasi yönelimlerine rağmen bütün partiler, bunları önerilen politikaları meşrulaştırmak veya eleştirmek için kullanır. Bununla birlikte buradaki analiz, tarihî göç deneyimlerinin hem Yunanistan’a göç edenlerin hem de Yunanistan’dan göç edenlerin tecrübeleri arasındaki benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları oluşturmak için kullanıldıklarını gösteriyor. Dolayısıyla bunlar hem göçmenlerin dâhil edilmelerindeki hem de dışlanmalarındaki tartışmalarda kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca geçmiş göç deneyimlerinin hatırlanması hayali ulusal topluluğu yeniden üretir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Göç • Tarih • Politik söylem • Politika meşruiyeti • Yunanistan

Historical Experiences of Migration in Political Discourse in Greece: Using Critical Discourse Analysis to Explore Policy Legitimation

Öz

Histories of migration are connected to the development of collective identities and the articulation of discourses of belonging in many national contexts. They are also often employed in legitimating policies on migration, asylum and integration in many national contexts. Critical Discourse Analysis, as a methodological approach inherently concerned with relations of power and the dynamics of exclusion, is particularly suited to exploring how references to past experiences of migration are used in parliamentary debates to legitimate or delegitimate migration policies. Greece, a country where histories of emigration and reception of ethnically Greek refugees are central to constructions of national identity, is used as a case study. Drawing on the analysis of twenty parliamentary debates on eight different laws on migration and asylum, I argue that the invocation of past experiences of migration is both instrumental and ambivalent. All parties, regardless of their political orientation, employ them to either legitimate or critique proposed policies. However, the analysis shows that historical experiences of migration are used to create both narratives of similarity as well as difference between the experiences of immigrants to Greece and Greek emigrants. They are thus used to argue both for the inclusion and exclusion of migrants. In addition, invocations of past experiences of migration reproduce the imagined national community.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Migration • History • Political discourse • Policy legitimation • Greece

Kaynakça

1. Burrell, K. (2006). Personal, inherited, collective: Communicating and layering memories of forced Polish migration. Immigrants & Minorities, 24(2), 144–163.
2. Chilton, P., & Schaffner, C. (1997). Discourse and politics. In T. A. van Dijk (ed.), Discourse studies. A multidisciplinary introduction. Discourse as social interaction (Vol. 2., pp. 206–230). London, UK: Sage.
3. Christopoulos, D. (2004). Immigrants in the Greek political community. In M. Pavlou & D. Christopoulos (Eds.), Greece of immigration: Social participation, rights and citizenship (pp. 338–366). Athens, Greece: Kritiki.
4. Christou, A. (2006). Deciphering diaspora-translating transnationalism: Family dynamics, identity constructions and the legacy of ‘home’ in second-generation Greek-American return migration. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 29(6), 1040–1056.
5. Clary-Lemon, J. (2010). “We’re not ethnic, we’re Irish ” Oral histories and the discursive construction of immigrant identity. Discourse & Society, 21(1), 5–25.
6. Dalakoglou, D. (2013). From the bottom of the Aegean sea to Golden Dawn: Security, xenophobia, and the politics of hate in Greece. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 13(3), 514–522.
7. Damousi, J. (2013). Legacies of war and migration: Memories of war trauma, dislocation and second generation Greek-Australians. In N. Steiner, R. Mason, & A. Hayes (Eds.), Migration and insecurity citizenship and social inclusion in a transnational era (pp. 31–47). London, UK: Routledge.
8. Fairclough, I., & Fairclough, N. (2012). Political discourse analysis: A method for advanced students. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis.

9. Fairclough, N. (2000). Discourse, social theory, and social research: The discourse of welfare reform. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 4(2), 163–195.
10. Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research. London, UK: Routledge.
11. Fairclough, N. (2009). A dialectical-relational approach to Critical discourse analysis in social research. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse analysis (pp. 162–186). London, UK: Sage.
12. Gabrielatos, C., & Baker, P. (2008). Fleeing, sneaking, flooding: A corpus analysis of discursive constructions of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press, 1996-2005. Journal of English Linguistics, 36(1), 5–38.
13. Gerson, J. M., & Wolf, D. L. (Eds.). (2007). Sociology confronts the Holocaust: Memories and identities in Jewish diasporas. Durham, UK: Duke University Press.
14. Glynn, I., & Kleist, J. O. (2012). History, memory and migration: Perceptions of the past and the politics of incorporation. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
15. Gray, B. (2004). Remembering a ‘multicultural’ future through a history of emigration: Towards a feminist politics of solidarity across difference. Women’s Studies International Forum, 27(4), 413–429.
16. Guild, E., Groenendijk, K., & Carrera, S. (2009). Illiberal liberal states: Immigration, citizenship, and integration in the EU. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
17. share’: Mobilising common in-groups in discourse on contemporary immigration in Greece.
18. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 23(4), 347–361.
19. Sibley, C. G., Liu, J. H., Duckitt, J., & Khan, S. S. (2008). Social representations of history and the legitimation of social inequality: The form and function of historical negation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(3), 542–565.
20. Steiner, N. (2000). Arguing about asylum: The complexity of refugee debates in Europe. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
21. Tormey, A. (2007). Everyone with eyes can see the problem: Moral citizens and the space of Irish nationhood. International Migration, 45(3), 69–100.
22. Triadafilopoulos, T. (2003). The political consequences of forced migration transfers: Refugee incorporation in Greece and West Germany. In K. Schönwälder, R. Ohliger, & T. Triadafilopoulos (Eds.), European encounters: Migrants, migration, and European societies since 1945 (pp. 99–122). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
23. Triandafyllidou, A. (2000). The political discourse on immigration in southern Europe: A critical analysis. Journal of Community and Applied Social Typology, 10, 373–389.
24. Triandafyllidou, A., & Kouki, H. (2014). Naturalizing racism in the centre of Athens in May 2011: Lessons from Greece. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 12(4), 418–436.
25. Triandafyllidou, A., & Maroukis, T. (2012). Migrant smuggling: Irregular migration from Asia and Africa to Europe. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
26. Triandafyllidou, A., & Veikou, M. (2002). The hierarchy of Greekness: Ethnic and national identity considerations in Greek immigration policy. Ethnicities, 2(2), 189–208.
27. Tzanelli, R. (2006). ‘Not my Flag ’ Citizenship and nationhood in the margins of Europe. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 29(1), 27–49.
28. Van Der Valk, I. (2003). Right-wing parliamentary discourse on immigration in France. Discourse and Society, 13(3), 309–348.
29. Van Dijk, T. (1993). Elite discourse and racism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
30. Van Dijk, T. (1997). Describing others in western parliaments. In S. H. Riggins (Ed.), The language and politics of exclusion (pp. 31–64). London, UK: Sage.
31. Van Dijk, T. (2014). Discourse-cognition-society. Current state and prospects of the socio-cognitive approach to discourse. In C. Hart & P. Cap (Eds.), Contemporary studies in critical discourse analysis (pp. 121–146). London, UK: Bloomsbury.
32. Van Leeuwen, T., & Wodak, R. (1999). Legitimizing immigration control: A discourse historical approach. Discourse Studies, 1(1), 83–118.
33. Vogli, E. (2011). The making of Greece abroad: Continuity and change in the modern diaspora politics of a “historical” irredentist homeland. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 17(1), 14–33.
34. Voutira, E. (2003). Refugees: Whose term is it anyway? Emic and Etic constructions of “refugees” in modern Greek. In J. Van Selm, K. Kamanga, J. Morrison, A. Nadig, & S. M. Špoljar-Vržina (Eds.), The refugee convention at fifty: A view from forced migration studies (pp. 65–79). Lanham, MD: Lexington.
35. Wodak, R. (2011). ‘Us’ and ‘them’: Inclusion and exclusion - Discrimination via discourse. In G. Delanty, R. Wodak, & P. Jones (Eds.), Identity, belonging and migration (pp. 54–77). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
36. Wodak, R., de Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., & Liebhart, K. (2000). The discursive construction of national identity. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh.
37. Zetter, R. (2014). Creating identities, diminishing protection and the securitisation of asylum in Europe. In S. Kneebone, D. Stevens, & L. Baldassar (Eds.), Refugee protection and the role of law: Conflicting identities (pp. 22–35). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Appendix Table 1
38. List of Documents Date December 11, 1996 December 12, 1996