Araştırma Makalesi
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The Plight of Refugees in the Mediterranean Basin as Evidence of Genocidal Intent: Interpreting Forced Migration from Bosnia, Cyprus, Iraq, Libya, and Syria

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 201 - 225, 01.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.12738/mejrs.2017.2.2.0109

Öz

Since the 1980s, it has become increasingly common for members of the international community to condemn as “genocide” such policies as forcing communities to flee their homes because they are seen as a security risk. The treatment of the Baha’i by Iran attracted condemnation during the 1980s that included such acts to be classified as genocide by a UN-commissioned study on genocide. Other mass refugee exoduses resulted in occasional recognitions of genocide, including some resulting in action, such as India’s declaring a genocide of the Bengalis and Hindus in East Pakistan, and Vietnam’s declaring a genocide in communist Cambodia. Starting in 1992, Turkey and other Eastern Mediterranean powers began to criticize Bosnian Serb and Serbian policies of “ethnic cleansing” against Bosnian Muslims, declaring them to be a “form of genocide.” The condemnation of the Bosnian Serbs for having committed genocide led to military intervention. This paper begins with concepts defined by international law and used to address the treatment of forced migrants. It then describes the law of genocidal intent during times of war or other threats to national security. Its thesis is that courts could utilize the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia to apply the proscription against genocide to the plight of refugees from the Eastern Mediterranean.

Kaynakça

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Akdeniz Havzasında Soykırımcı Niyetin Kanıtı Olarak Mültecilerin Dramı: Bosna, Kıbrıs, Irak, Libya ve Suriye Üzerinden Zorunlu Göçü Yorumlamak

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 201 - 225, 01.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.12738/mejrs.2017.2.2.0109

Öz

Uluslararası toplum, 1980’lerden bu yana giderek artan bir şekilde çeşitli toplulukların evlerini terk etmeye zorlanmalarını, güvenlik riski şeklinde değerlendirdikleri için bu durumu “soykırım” olarak kınamaya başladı. İran’ın Bahailere yönelik eylemleri, BM soykırım araştırma komisyonu tarafından soykırım olarak sınıflandırılan eylemler içerdiğinden 1980’lerde kınanmıştır. Diğer kitlesel mülteci göçleri, zaman zaman soykırım olarak tanımlanmış, bazılarına filli olarak da müdahale edilmiştir. Örneğin Hindistan’ın Doğu Pakistan’daki Bengallilere ve Hindulara yapılanları soykırım ilan etmesi, Vietnam’ın komünist Kamboçya’da yaşananlar için soykırım ilan etmesi bunlar arasında sayılabilir. 1992’den itibaren, Türkiye ve diğer Doğu Akdeniz ülkeleri Bosnalı Sırpları ve Sırpların Bosnalı Müslümanlara karşı “etnik temizlik” politikalarını “bir çeşit soykırım” olarak eleştirmeye başladılar. Boşnakların Sırplar tarafından soykırıma uğradığı suçlaması, askerî müdahaleyi doğurmuştur. Bu makale, uluslararası hukukun zorla göç ettirilenlere yönelik muameleyi tanımladığı kavramlarla başlamaktadır. Daha sonra, savaş zamanlarında veya ulusal güvenliğe yönelik diğer tehditler söz konusuyken soykırımcı niyet hukukunu ele almaktadır. Bu makalenin temel tezi, yargı mercilerinin, Eski Yugoslavya Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesinin içtihatlarını Doğu Akdeniz mültecilerine soykırım yapılmasını engellemek üzere uyarlanabilecekleri şeklindedir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, A., Abdul-Majeed, A. M., Siddiq, A. A., Jabar, F., Qahar, J., Rasheed, J., & von Knorring, A. L. (2007). Reporting questionnaire for children as a screening instrument for child mental health problems in Iraqi Kurdistan. Transcultural Psychiatry, 44(1), 5–26.
  • Açikgöz, S. K. (2015, September 7). Lost humanity on the shores of Aegean Sea. Today’s Zaman. Retrieved from http://www.todayszaman.com//blog/sevgi-kuru-acikgoz/lost-humanity-on-the- shores-of-aegean-sea_398465.html
  • Associated Free Press. (2015, March 3). Russian FM: Crimes against Mideast Christians “genocide.” Times of Israel. Retrieved from http://www.timesofisrael.com/russian-fm-crimes- against-mideast-christians-genocide/
  • Associated Press. (2010, October 19). UN survey finds Iraqis regret returning to Baghdad. Fox News. Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/10/19/survey-finds-iraqis-regret- returning-baghdad.html
  • Associated Press. (2011, October 4). Russia and China veto UN resolution against Syrian regime. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/05/russia-china-veto- syria-resolution
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  • Donabed, S. (2015). Reforging a forgotten history: Iraq and the Assyrians in the 20th century. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Draitser, E. (2015, September 25). The refugee crisis: Separating the conspiracies from The Conspiracy™. Counterpunch. Retrieved from http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/09/25/the- refugee-crisis-separating-the-conspiracies-from-the-conspiracy/
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  • Eshoo, A. (2007, September 2). Mr. Bush has forsaken Iraq’s minorities. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/02/ AR2007090200937_pf.html
  • Eshoo, A., Kirk, M., Klein, R., Jackson-Lee, S., McMahon, M., Ros-Lehtinian, I., … Wolf, F. (2010, February 24). Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives on religious minorities in Iraq. Congressional Record/Assyrian International News Agency. Retrieved from http://www.aina.org
  • Feller, E. (2001). The evolution of the international refugee protection regime. Washington University Journal of Law and Policy 5(1), 129−140.
  • Fournet, C. (2007). The crime of destruction and the law of genocide: Their impact on collective memory. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
  • Furst-Nichols, R., & Jacobsen, K. (2011). African refugees in Israel. Forced Migration Review, 37, 55−56. Retrieved from http://www.fmreview.org/non-state/Furst-NicholsJacobsen.html
  • Gardane, B. (2011, May 25). Tunisia: Refugees fleeing Libya still seeking a safe place to go [Press release]. Doctors Without Borders. Retrieved from http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/ news-stories/press-release/tunisia-refugees-fleeing-libya-still-seeking-safe-place-go
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  • Gigliotti, S. (2015). To whom do the children belong? Genocidal displacement in Europe and Australia. In C. Carmichael & R. Maguire (Eds.), The Routledge history of genocide (pp. 46−55). London, UK: Routledge.
  • Guilday, P. (1914). The English Catholic refugees on the continent 1558-1795. London, UK: Longmans, Green, & Co.
  • Hagan, J., Rymond-Richmond, W., & Parker, P. (2005). The criminology of genocide: The death and rape of Darfur. Criminology, 43(3), 525−561.
  • Hall, J. (2005, July 10). Pope Francis decries “genocide” of Christians in Middle East. The Daily Mail (U.K.). Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3156055/Pope-Francis-condemns- pursuit-money-dung-devil-decries-genocide-Christians-Middle-East-World-War.html
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  • Kovač, & Vuković. Case Nos. IT-96–23-A & IT-96–23/1-A. Appeals Chamber, Judgement.
  • International Crisis Group. (2011, September 20). Ending the PKK insurgency. Crisis Group Europe. Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ZNUnqhzqaT4J: www.crisisgroup. org/~/media/Fil es/europe/turkey-cyprus/turkey/213%2520Turkey%2520%2520Ending% 2520the%2520PKK%2520 Insurgency.pdf
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  • Reuters. (1993, January 28). Christopher confirms U.S. to examine air attacks on Bosnian Serbs. The Daily Herald, p. 77.
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  • Sadat, L. (2015). Genocide in Syria: International legal options, international legal limits, and the serious problem of political will. Washington University in St. Louis Legal Studies Research Paper, 15(2). Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=2566260
  • Scharf, M., & Newton, M. (2006). The Iraqi high tribunal’s Dujail trial opinion. ASIL Insights, 10(34). Retrieved from http://www.asil.org/
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  • Schinina, G., Bartoloni, E., & Nuri, R. (2008, February). Assessment on psychosocial needs of Iraqis displaced in Jordan and Lebanon: Survey report. Amman and Beirut. International Organization for Migration. Retrieved online from http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/ shared/mainsite/ published_docs/brochures_and_info_sheets/report_psy_assessment.pdf
  • Sciolino, E. (1993, May 23). Conflict in the Balkans; Allies announce strategy to curb fighting in Bosnia; U.S. offers planes, not men. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes. com/1993/05/23/world/conflict-balkans-allies-announce-strategy-curb-fighting-bosnia-us- offers-planes.html
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Toplam 89 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kültürel çalışmalar
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Hannibal Travis Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Mayıs 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Travis, H. (2017). The Plight of Refugees in the Mediterranean Basin as Evidence of Genocidal Intent: Interpreting Forced Migration from Bosnia, Cyprus, Iraq, Libya, and Syria. Middle East Journal of Refugee Studies, 2(2), 201-225. https://doi.org/10.12738/mejrs.2017.2.2.0109