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Devlet Güvenliği ve Mülteciler: Lübnan Hükûmeti Tarafından “Tercihler Hiyerarşisi”nin İşlevselleştirilmesi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 101 - 120, 01.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.12738/mejrs.2018.3.2.0004

Öz

Bu makale, mültecilerle ve “mülteci militanların/teröristleri” kapsayan güvenlik uygulamalarıyla ilgili tartışmalara katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, radikalleşmiş veya gönüllü ya da gayriihtiyari şekilde militan gruplara katılmış Suriyeli mültecilerle ilgili tartışmaları mültecilere ev sahipliği yapan bir ülke olarak Lübnan’ın güvenlik çabaları çerçevesinde değerlendirmektedir. Yine bu makalede mülteci iken terör eylemlerine karışan Suriyeli mültecilerle ilgili Lübnan Hükûmetinin BM Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliğinin “tercihler hiyerarşisi” kararlarını işlevselleştirerek uyguladığı çeşitli tedbirler tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Makalede; i terörün ev sahibi ülkeler üzerindeki etkisine ve bu ülkelerin mülteci hakları ile güvenlik amaçlı terörle mücadele çabalarını uzlaştırmada yaşanan ikilemlere yönelik farkındalığın arttırılması; ii Lübnan tarafından bu bağlamda gerçekleştirilen hususi politikaları ve müdahaleleri göstermek; ve iii bu konuda iç politik zorluklarla boğuşup bir de fazla sayıda mülteci barındırdıkları için sorunun yükünü taşıyan Orta Doğu ülkelerinde daha çok araştırma yapılması gerektiğini göstermek hedeflenmiştir. Bu araştırmanın sonucunda; Lübnan’ın radikalleşme konusunu daha kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alması gerektiği, bilim adamlarının Doğu Akdeniz’deki ev sahibi devletlerin deneyimleri ışığında “tercihler hiyerarşi”ni yeniden ele almaları gerektiği ve mülteci yerleşimlerinde; devlet egemenliği, uluslararası güvenlik ve mültecilerin koruması konularını teminat altına almak üzere terörizmle mücadele bağlamında bir dizi tercih çerçevesi geliştirilmesi gerektiği dile getirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • “Five suicide bombers attack Lebanese army during raids.” (2017, June 30). Reuters. Retrieved from lebanese-army-during-raids-idUSKBN19L0E0
  • “Geagea Supports Expanding UNIFIL Mission to Lebanese-Syrian Border.” (2017, August 12). Asharq Al-Awsat. Retrieved from https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/theaawsat/news-middle-east/ geagea-supports-expanding-unifil-mission-lebanese-syrian-border
  • “Isis paying smugglers’ fees in recruitment drive among child refugees.” (2017, February 9). The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/05/isis-recruitment- drive-child-refugees#img-1
  • “Kahwagi: Arsal attack meticulously planned.” (2014, August 03). Daily Star. Retrieved from http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Aug-03/265908-kahwagi-arsal-attack- meticulously-planned.ashx
  • “U.S. Special Forces in Lebanon prepare to fight ISIS – Alongside Hezbollah?” (2017, August 8). Haaretz and The Associated Press. Retrieved from https://webcache.googleusercontent. com/search?q=cache:e8ZH-twzyjQJ:https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/u-s-special-forces-in- lebanon-prepare-to-fight-isis-alongside-hezbollah-1.5440501+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=lb
  • Abou Zeid, M. (2014, October 06). A time bomb in Lebanon: The Syrian refugee crisis. Carnegie Middle East Center. Retrieved from http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/56857
  • Abu Toameh, K. (2016, July 21). The Palestinians: Refugee camps or terrorist bases? Gatestone.
  • https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/8511/palestinians-refugee-camps
  • Agence France Presse. (2014, April 3). More than 1 million Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Retrieved from million-syria-refugees-in-lebanon-un.ashx
  • Betts, A., Ali, A., & Memişoğlu, F. (2017). Local politics and the Syrian refugee crisis: Exploring responses in Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan. Refugee Studies Centre. Retrieved from https://www. rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/local-politics-and-the-syrian-refugee-crisis-exploring-responses-in- turkey-lebanon-and-jordan
  • Blanchard, J. (2015, September 14). Officials warn 20,000 ISIS jihadis ‘have infiltrated Syrian refugee camps. Mirror. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/officials-warn-20000-isis- jihadis-6443516
  • Callimachi, R. (2016, August 3). How a secretive branch of ISIS built a global network of killers. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/04/world/middleeast/isis- german-recruit-interview.html
  • Carla, H. (2017). Lebanon. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/ mideast/R44759.pdf
  • Chikhi, S. (2015, November 17). On refugees & international conflict. Retrieved from http://www. article19.org/data/files/pdfs/publications/refugees-what-s-the-story-.pdf
  • Chronicle of the Middle East & North Africa Fanack. (2016, December 22). Jordan close their borders to Syrian refugees. Retrieved from https://fanack.com/refugees/lebanon-and-jordan- close-their-borders-to-syrian-refugees/
  • da Costa, R. (2004). Maintaining the civilian and humanitarian character of asylum, legal and protection policy (Department of International Protection, UNHCR, PPLA/2004/02, June 2004). Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/40ebf51b4.pdf
  • Dagher, J. (2017). The Lebanese Armed Forces engaging Nahr Al-Bared Palestinian Refugee Camp using the instruments of national power (Technical Report, 08 Aug 2016, 09 Jun 2017). Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1038628.pdf
  • Dergham, F. (2016). The spread of Isis into Lebanon: A strategic response to counter the threat. Defense Magazine, 96(April). Retrieved from https://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/en/content/spread- isis-lebanon-strategic-response-counter-threat
  • Equipping Lebanon’s… Government? (2017, December 18). Defense Industry Daily. https://www. defenseindustrydaily.com/tanks-planes-and-uavs-for-lebanon-05382/
  • Haider, H. (2014). Refugee, IDP and host community radicalisation (GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report 1162). Birmingham, UK: Governance and Social Development Resource Centre, University of Birmingham. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ media/57a089a640f0b652dd00033c/hdq1162.pdf
  • Holmes, O. (2014, August 7). Militants pull out of Lebanese border town with captives. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-president-ceasefire/afghanistan- announces-ceasefire-with-taliban-after-clerics-peace-meeting-idUSKCN1J30O2
  • Holmes, O. (2015, April 17). New restrictions in Lebanon mean Syrian refugees live in fear. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-lebanon-refugees/ new-restrictions-in-lebanon-mean-syrian-refugees-live-in-fear-idUSKBN0N819Z20150417
  • International Center for Migration Policy Development. (n.d.). Lebanon, Programme. Retrieved from https://www.icmpd-lebanon.org/en/programme
  • International Labour Organization Regional Office for the Arab States. (2014). Assessment of the impact of Syrian refugees in Lebanon and their employment profile. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/ wcmsp5/groups/public/---arabstates/---ro-beirut/documents/publication/wcms_240134.pdf
  • International Organization for Migration. (2016, May 31). New arrivals terminal opens at Lebanon- Syria border crossing. Retrieved from https://www.iom.int/news/new-arrivals-terminal-opens- lebanon-syria-border-crossing
  • Kelley, N. (2017). Responding to a refugee influx: Lessons from Lebanon. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 5(1), 82–104.
  • Marans, D. (2015, November 19). What you need to know about Syrian refugees who have ‘positive’ views of ISIS. Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/syrian- refugees-positive-views-isis_us_564e2c72e4b08c74b734fc83
  • Montgomery, K. (2014, October 30). Lebanon closes its borders to Syrian refugees, after surge in numbers. News Deeply. Retrieved from https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria/articles/2014/10/30/ lebanon-closes-its-borders-to-syrian-refugees-after-surge-in-numbers
  • Nanji, N. (2017, September 7). Britain steps up support for Lebanon’s border watch towers. The National. Retrieved from https://www.thenational.ae/world/britain-steps-up-support-for- lebanon-s-border-watch-towers-1.626438
  • Nerguizian, A. (2017). The Lebanese Armed Forces, Hezbollah and the Race to Defeat ISIS (Working Draft, July 31). Retrieved from https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/170731_ laf_hezbollah_must_defeat_isis_report.pdf?YU_IGmeq91gZTkOSd4hJ58m_MsC7PcQO
  • Programme; Standing Committee. (1999, January 14). The security, and civilian and
  • humanitarian character of refugee camps and settlements (EC/49/SC/INF.2). Retrieved from
  • http://www.refworld.org/docid/4a54bc04d.html
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2006). Addressing refugee security. In UNHCR The state of the world’s refugees: Human displacement in the new millennium (pp. 63–87). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2013). Solidarity and burden-sharing. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/525fe3e59.pdf
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2013, October 18). Finding solutions for Syrian refugees: Resettlement, humanitarian admission, and family reunification. Retrieved from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/documents/libe/dv/8_1_syria_refugeees_ unhcr_2014_11_27_/8_1_syria_refugeees_unhcr_2014_11_27_en.pdf
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2014). Regional refugee and resilience plan: 2015-2016 Lebanon. Retrieved from http://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/regional-refugee- resilience-plan-2015-16-lebanon
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2015). Addressing security concerns without undermining refugee protection. Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/5672aed34.html
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2016). The situation of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/56cc95484.pdf
  • United Nations Security Council. (2015). Children and armed conflict (Report of the Secretary- General, A/69/926–S/2015/409, 5 June 2015). Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/ reliefweb.int/files/resources/N1510923.pdf
  • United Nations Security Council. (2017). Children and armed conflict (Report of the Secretary- General, A/72/361–S/2017/821, 24 August 2017). Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/ reliefweb.int/files/resources/N1726811.pdf
  • United States Department of State. (2017). Country reports on terrorism 2016-Lebanon. Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/5981e42f13.html
  • World Bank. (2016). Lebanon economic monitor a geo-economy of risks and reward. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/652591468179100109/pdf/105995-WP-The- World-Bank-LEM-Spring-2016-PUBLIC-DISCLOSURE-DATE-JULY-1-low-res.pdf

State Security and Refugees: Operationalizing the “Ladder of Options” by the Government of Lebanon

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 101 - 120, 01.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.12738/mejrs.2018.3.2.0004

Öz

This article attempts to contribute to the debate around the study of refugees and the security implications involving “refugee militants/terrorists.” It situates the debate within the context of Syrian refugees who have been radicalized or have voluntarily or involuntarily joined militant groups and Lebanon’s subsequent response policy as a host country. It tries to identify the various measures employed by the Government of Lebanon through the operationalization of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees “Ladder of Options” in managing security related issues involving Syrian refugees-turned-terrorists. It intends to i raise awareness of the impact of terrorism on host countries and their dilemmas in reconciling refugee rights and counterterrorism for security reasons; and ii illustrate specific policies and interventions made by Lebanon in this regard; and iii call for further studies on the subject in Middle Eastern countries grappling with internal political challenges at the same time as they are experiencing the huge burden of many refugees. The research suggests that Lebanon needs to address the issue of radicalization in a more comprehensive manner and that scholars need to re-examine the “Ladder of Options” in light of Levantine host States’ experiences and to develop a ladder of options framework for combating terrorism in post-emergency refugee settlements to safeguard State sovereignty, international security and refugee protection.

Kaynakça

  • “Five suicide bombers attack Lebanese army during raids.” (2017, June 30). Reuters. Retrieved from lebanese-army-during-raids-idUSKBN19L0E0
  • “Geagea Supports Expanding UNIFIL Mission to Lebanese-Syrian Border.” (2017, August 12). Asharq Al-Awsat. Retrieved from https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/theaawsat/news-middle-east/ geagea-supports-expanding-unifil-mission-lebanese-syrian-border
  • “Isis paying smugglers’ fees in recruitment drive among child refugees.” (2017, February 9). The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/05/isis-recruitment- drive-child-refugees#img-1
  • “Kahwagi: Arsal attack meticulously planned.” (2014, August 03). Daily Star. Retrieved from http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Aug-03/265908-kahwagi-arsal-attack- meticulously-planned.ashx
  • “U.S. Special Forces in Lebanon prepare to fight ISIS – Alongside Hezbollah?” (2017, August 8). Haaretz and The Associated Press. Retrieved from https://webcache.googleusercontent. com/search?q=cache:e8ZH-twzyjQJ:https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/u-s-special-forces-in- lebanon-prepare-to-fight-isis-alongside-hezbollah-1.5440501+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=lb
  • Abou Zeid, M. (2014, October 06). A time bomb in Lebanon: The Syrian refugee crisis. Carnegie Middle East Center. Retrieved from http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/56857
  • Abu Toameh, K. (2016, July 21). The Palestinians: Refugee camps or terrorist bases? Gatestone.
  • https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/8511/palestinians-refugee-camps
  • Agence France Presse. (2014, April 3). More than 1 million Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Retrieved from million-syria-refugees-in-lebanon-un.ashx
  • Betts, A., Ali, A., & Memişoğlu, F. (2017). Local politics and the Syrian refugee crisis: Exploring responses in Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan. Refugee Studies Centre. Retrieved from https://www. rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/local-politics-and-the-syrian-refugee-crisis-exploring-responses-in- turkey-lebanon-and-jordan
  • Blanchard, J. (2015, September 14). Officials warn 20,000 ISIS jihadis ‘have infiltrated Syrian refugee camps. Mirror. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/officials-warn-20000-isis- jihadis-6443516
  • Callimachi, R. (2016, August 3). How a secretive branch of ISIS built a global network of killers. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/04/world/middleeast/isis- german-recruit-interview.html
  • Carla, H. (2017). Lebanon. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/ mideast/R44759.pdf
  • Chikhi, S. (2015, November 17). On refugees & international conflict. Retrieved from http://www. article19.org/data/files/pdfs/publications/refugees-what-s-the-story-.pdf
  • Chronicle of the Middle East & North Africa Fanack. (2016, December 22). Jordan close their borders to Syrian refugees. Retrieved from https://fanack.com/refugees/lebanon-and-jordan- close-their-borders-to-syrian-refugees/
  • da Costa, R. (2004). Maintaining the civilian and humanitarian character of asylum, legal and protection policy (Department of International Protection, UNHCR, PPLA/2004/02, June 2004). Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/40ebf51b4.pdf
  • Dagher, J. (2017). The Lebanese Armed Forces engaging Nahr Al-Bared Palestinian Refugee Camp using the instruments of national power (Technical Report, 08 Aug 2016, 09 Jun 2017). Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1038628.pdf
  • Dergham, F. (2016). The spread of Isis into Lebanon: A strategic response to counter the threat. Defense Magazine, 96(April). Retrieved from https://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/en/content/spread- isis-lebanon-strategic-response-counter-threat
  • Equipping Lebanon’s… Government? (2017, December 18). Defense Industry Daily. https://www. defenseindustrydaily.com/tanks-planes-and-uavs-for-lebanon-05382/
  • Haider, H. (2014). Refugee, IDP and host community radicalisation (GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report 1162). Birmingham, UK: Governance and Social Development Resource Centre, University of Birmingham. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ media/57a089a640f0b652dd00033c/hdq1162.pdf
  • Holmes, O. (2014, August 7). Militants pull out of Lebanese border town with captives. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-president-ceasefire/afghanistan- announces-ceasefire-with-taliban-after-clerics-peace-meeting-idUSKCN1J30O2
  • Holmes, O. (2015, April 17). New restrictions in Lebanon mean Syrian refugees live in fear. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-lebanon-refugees/ new-restrictions-in-lebanon-mean-syrian-refugees-live-in-fear-idUSKBN0N819Z20150417
  • International Center for Migration Policy Development. (n.d.). Lebanon, Programme. Retrieved from https://www.icmpd-lebanon.org/en/programme
  • International Labour Organization Regional Office for the Arab States. (2014). Assessment of the impact of Syrian refugees in Lebanon and their employment profile. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/ wcmsp5/groups/public/---arabstates/---ro-beirut/documents/publication/wcms_240134.pdf
  • International Organization for Migration. (2016, May 31). New arrivals terminal opens at Lebanon- Syria border crossing. Retrieved from https://www.iom.int/news/new-arrivals-terminal-opens- lebanon-syria-border-crossing
  • Kelley, N. (2017). Responding to a refugee influx: Lessons from Lebanon. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 5(1), 82–104.
  • Marans, D. (2015, November 19). What you need to know about Syrian refugees who have ‘positive’ views of ISIS. Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/syrian- refugees-positive-views-isis_us_564e2c72e4b08c74b734fc83
  • Montgomery, K. (2014, October 30). Lebanon closes its borders to Syrian refugees, after surge in numbers. News Deeply. Retrieved from https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria/articles/2014/10/30/ lebanon-closes-its-borders-to-syrian-refugees-after-surge-in-numbers
  • Nanji, N. (2017, September 7). Britain steps up support for Lebanon’s border watch towers. The National. Retrieved from https://www.thenational.ae/world/britain-steps-up-support-for- lebanon-s-border-watch-towers-1.626438
  • Nerguizian, A. (2017). The Lebanese Armed Forces, Hezbollah and the Race to Defeat ISIS (Working Draft, July 31). Retrieved from https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/170731_ laf_hezbollah_must_defeat_isis_report.pdf?YU_IGmeq91gZTkOSd4hJ58m_MsC7PcQO
  • Programme; Standing Committee. (1999, January 14). The security, and civilian and
  • humanitarian character of refugee camps and settlements (EC/49/SC/INF.2). Retrieved from
  • http://www.refworld.org/docid/4a54bc04d.html
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2006). Addressing refugee security. In UNHCR The state of the world’s refugees: Human displacement in the new millennium (pp. 63–87). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2013). Solidarity and burden-sharing. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/525fe3e59.pdf
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2013, October 18). Finding solutions for Syrian refugees: Resettlement, humanitarian admission, and family reunification. Retrieved from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/documents/libe/dv/8_1_syria_refugeees_ unhcr_2014_11_27_/8_1_syria_refugeees_unhcr_2014_11_27_en.pdf
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2014). Regional refugee and resilience plan: 2015-2016 Lebanon. Retrieved from http://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/regional-refugee- resilience-plan-2015-16-lebanon
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2015). Addressing security concerns without undermining refugee protection. Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/5672aed34.html
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2016). The situation of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/56cc95484.pdf
  • United Nations Security Council. (2015). Children and armed conflict (Report of the Secretary- General, A/69/926–S/2015/409, 5 June 2015). Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/ reliefweb.int/files/resources/N1510923.pdf
  • United Nations Security Council. (2017). Children and armed conflict (Report of the Secretary- General, A/72/361–S/2017/821, 24 August 2017). Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/ reliefweb.int/files/resources/N1726811.pdf
  • United States Department of State. (2017). Country reports on terrorism 2016-Lebanon. Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/5981e42f13.html
  • World Bank. (2016). Lebanon economic monitor a geo-economy of risks and reward. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/652591468179100109/pdf/105995-WP-The- World-Bank-LEM-Spring-2016-PUBLIC-DISCLOSURE-DATE-JULY-1-low-res.pdf
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Guita G. Hourani Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Hourani, G. G. (2018). Devlet Güvenliği ve Mülteciler: Lübnan Hükûmeti Tarafından “Tercihler Hiyerarşisi”nin İşlevselleştirilmesi. Middle East Journal of Refugee Studies, 3(2), 101-120. https://doi.org/10.12738/mejrs.2018.3.2.0004