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PRACTICES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES REGARDING INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MIGRATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TÜRKİYE

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 29 - 57, 24.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.70045/mejrs.1493126

Öz

Migration have been a topic that has attracted much attention since the 20th century due to the impact of mass wars. Academic and scientific studies on migration have been conducted in various areas of expertise, especially as we approach the completion of the first quarter of the 21st century. It is worth noting that there are relatively fewer studies focusing on the international dimension of education in the context of migration. Currently, there are approximately 8 million international students worldwide. Many countries recognize the economic contributions of international students and are developing strategies to attract more students. While some international students return to their home countries after completing their education abroad, others choose to stay longer or even immigrate to the country where they studied. This movement of people, known as international student migration, brings new challenges and opportunities in the realm of international education. It also influences countries' policies on international education. This study explores the relationship between education and migration, analyzing the role of education in countries' migration policies through the lens of international student migration. Additionally, the study provides recommendations for Türkiye based on the emerging issues faced by international students.

Kaynakça

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  • Arthur, N., & Nunes, S. (2014). Should I stay or should I go home? Career guidance with international students. In Handbook of career development: International perspectives. 587- 606. New York, Springer.
  • Aslan, Ş. (Ed.). (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri, Nicel, Nitel ve Karma Tasarımlar İçin Bir Rehber. Eğitim Yayınevi, Konya.
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  • Barnett, G. A., Lee, M., Jiang, K., & Park, H. W. (2016). The flow of international students from a macro perspective: A network analysis. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 46(4), 533-559.
  • Brooks, R., & Waters, J. (2011). Student mobilities, migration and the internationalization of higher education. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • CBIE (2018), The Student’s Voice: National Results of the 2018 CBIE International Student Survey, Canadian Bureau for International Education, https://cbie.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Student_Voice_Report-ENG.pdf.
  • Cheung, A., Yuen, T. W. W., & Yuen, Y. M. C. (2008). Exporting hong kong’s higher education in asian markets: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. International Journal of Educational Reform, 17(3), 308-328. https://doi.org/10.1177/105678790801700307
  • Choudaha, Rahul (March 2017). Three waves of international student mobility (1999-2020). Studies in Higher Education. 42 (5): 825–832.
  • Collins, F. L. (2008). Bridges to learning: international student mobilities, education agencies and inter personal networks. Global Networks, 8(4), 398-417.
  • Collins, J. (2012). Perspectives From The Periphery? Colombo Plan Scholars in New Zealand Universities, 19511975. History of Education Review, 41(2), 129-146. https://doi. org/10.1108/08198691311269501
  • Consterdine, E., & Everton, A. (2012). European Migration Network: Immigration of İnternational Students To The EU: Empirical Evidence and Current Policy Practice. Science, 290, 1768-1771.
  • Crumley-Effinger, M. (2023). ISM Policy Pervasion: Visas, Study Permits, and the International Student Experience. Journal of International Students, 14(1), 78–96. https://doi. org/10.32674/jis.v14i1.5347
  • Dale, Y. (2021). Visa fraud in the commercial sex market in the united states: an overview. Dignity: A Journal on Sexual Exploitation and Violence, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.23860/dignity.2021.06.01.01
  • Dias Lopes, A., Mateos Gonzalez, J. L., & Wakeling, P. (2023). How do tuition fee increases affect international mobility? the case of european union students in england. European Journal of Education, 59(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12592
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  • Dostál, J. & Kéri, A. (2021). The Economic Dimension Of İnternational Students’ Volunteering – Opportunities For Central Europe. The Hungarian Educational Research Journal, 10(4), 327-345. https://doi.org/10.1556/063.2020.00033
  • Eskelä, E. (2013). Migration Decisions Of Skilled Migrants: İnternational Degree Students İn An Offbeat Destination. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, 3(3), 145. https://doi. org/10.2478/njmr-2013-0004
  • European Migration Network (2018), Attracting and retaining international students in the EU, http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/system/files/2019-09/00_eu_international_students_2018_synthesis_report.pdf
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  • Flynn, S., & Arthur, N. (2013). International Students Views Of Transition To EmploymentAnd Immigration. Canadian Journal of Career Development, 12(1), 28-37.
  • gdh. (2024, Mayıs 28). Yabancı Öğrenci Meselesinde Hiç Bilinmeyenler. Haziran 20, 2024 tarihinde https://gdh.digital/yabanci-ogrenci-meselesinde-hic-bilinmeyenler-115264 adresinden alındı.
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ULUSLARARASI ÖĞRENCİ GÖÇÜNE YÖNELİK FARKLI ÜLKELERDEKİ UYGULAMALAR VE TÜRKİYE İÇİN ÖNERİLER

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 29 - 57, 24.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.70045/mejrs.1493126

Öz

Göç, yaşanan kitlesel savaşların etkisiyle 20. yüzyıldan itibaren oldukça fazla dikkat çeken bir konu başlığı olmuştur. Özellikle 21. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğini tamamlamaya yaklaştığımız günümüze kadar gelen süreçte, göç bağlamında ele alınabilecek çok çeşitli uzmanlık alanlarında akademik ve bilimsel çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalar içinde, eğitimin uluslararası boyutunu, göç bağlamında irdeleyen çalışmaların sayısının, konu ile ilgili diğer başlıklara nispeten daha az olduğu dikkat çekmektedir. Bugün, dünya genelinde 8 milyona yakın uluslararası öğrenci olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Bu sayısal verinin, ekonomi başta olmak üzere çeşitli alanlardaki katkılarının farkında olan devletler, bu piyasadan daha fazla pay almak adına çeşitli stratejiler uygulamaktadır. Bu uluslararası öğrencilerin bir kısmı kısa-orta vadede kendi ülkesinin dışında eğitim alarak ülkelerine dönerken, diğer bir kısmı ise uluslararası öğrenci olarak eğitim aldığı ülkede daha uzun süreli kalmakta, hatta eğitimleri sonrası bu ülkeye göç etmektedir. Uluslararası öğrenci göçü olarak adlandırılan bu kitlesel hareketlilik, eğitimin uluslararası boyutu açısından farklı yaklaşımları beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu durum, ülkelerin uluslararası eğitime yönelik politikalarına yansımaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada eğitim ve göç arasındaki etkileşime odaklanılmakta ve uluslararası öğrenci göçü irdelenerek ülkelerin göç politikalarında eğitimin yeri incelenmektedir. Ayrıca, uygulanan bu politikalar ışığında, uluslararası öğrencilere yönelik son zamanlarda ortaya çıkan sorunlar çerçevesinde Türkiye’ye yönelik öneriler sıralanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, W. & Infeld, D. (2011). Fulbright Scholars in Political Science. Political Science and Politics, 44(3), 509-513. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049096511000588.
  • Akar, E. (2023). EĞİTİM DİPLOMASİSİ Dünyadan Örnekler – Türkiye İçin Öneriler, Nobel Bilimsel, Ankara.
  • Anadolu Ajansı. (2024, Mayıs 14). YÖK Başkanı Özvar’dan Uluslararası Öğrencilere İlişkin Açıklama. Haziran 20, 2024 tarihinde https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/egitim/yok-baskani-ozvardan-turkiyedeki-uluslararasi-ogrencilere-iliskin-aciklama/3219005 adresinden alındı.
  • Arthur, N., & Nunes, S. (2014). Should I stay or should I go home? Career guidance with international students. In Handbook of career development: International perspectives. 587- 606. New York, Springer.
  • Aslan, Ş. (Ed.). (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri, Nicel, Nitel ve Karma Tasarımlar İçin Bir Rehber. Eğitim Yayınevi, Konya.
  • Australian Department of Education, Skills and Employment (2021), Australian Strategy for International Education 2021-2030 - Department of Education, Skills and Employment, Australian Government, https://www.dese.gov.au/australian-strategy-international-education-2021-2030/resources/australian-strategy-international-education-2021-2030.
  • Barnett, G. A., Lee, M., Jiang, K., & Park, H. W. (2016). The flow of international students from a macro perspective: A network analysis. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 46(4), 533-559.
  • Brooks, R., & Waters, J. (2011). Student mobilities, migration and the internationalization of higher education. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • CBIE (2018), The Student’s Voice: National Results of the 2018 CBIE International Student Survey, Canadian Bureau for International Education, https://cbie.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Student_Voice_Report-ENG.pdf.
  • Cheung, A., Yuen, T. W. W., & Yuen, Y. M. C. (2008). Exporting hong kong’s higher education in asian markets: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. International Journal of Educational Reform, 17(3), 308-328. https://doi.org/10.1177/105678790801700307
  • Choudaha, Rahul (March 2017). Three waves of international student mobility (1999-2020). Studies in Higher Education. 42 (5): 825–832.
  • Collins, F. L. (2008). Bridges to learning: international student mobilities, education agencies and inter personal networks. Global Networks, 8(4), 398-417.
  • Collins, J. (2012). Perspectives From The Periphery? Colombo Plan Scholars in New Zealand Universities, 19511975. History of Education Review, 41(2), 129-146. https://doi. org/10.1108/08198691311269501
  • Consterdine, E., & Everton, A. (2012). European Migration Network: Immigration of İnternational Students To The EU: Empirical Evidence and Current Policy Practice. Science, 290, 1768-1771.
  • Crumley-Effinger, M. (2023). ISM Policy Pervasion: Visas, Study Permits, and the International Student Experience. Journal of International Students, 14(1), 78–96. https://doi. org/10.32674/jis.v14i1.5347
  • Dale, Y. (2021). Visa fraud in the commercial sex market in the united states: an overview. Dignity: A Journal on Sexual Exploitation and Violence, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.23860/dignity.2021.06.01.01
  • Dias Lopes, A., Mateos Gonzalez, J. L., & Wakeling, P. (2023). How do tuition fee increases affect international mobility? the case of european union students in england. European Journal of Education, 59(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12592
  • Diriliş Postası. (2024, Nisan 1). Yabancı Öğrenciler Üzerinden Irkçılık. Haziran 20, 2024 tarihinde https://www.dirilispostasi.com/yabanci-ogrenciler-uzerinden-irkcilik adresinden alındı.
  • Dostál, J. & Kéri, A. (2021). The Economic Dimension Of İnternational Students’ Volunteering – Opportunities For Central Europe. The Hungarian Educational Research Journal, 10(4), 327-345. https://doi.org/10.1556/063.2020.00033
  • Eskelä, E. (2013). Migration Decisions Of Skilled Migrants: İnternational Degree Students İn An Offbeat Destination. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, 3(3), 145. https://doi. org/10.2478/njmr-2013-0004
  • European Migration Network (2018), Attracting and retaining international students in the EU, http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/system/files/2019-09/00_eu_international_students_2018_synthesis_report.pdf
  • Evrensel. (2024, Nisan 22). Ayrımcı, damgalayıcı ve ırkçı ifadeler yabancı öğrencileri hedef haline getiriyor. Haziran 20, 2024 tarihinde https://www.evrensel.net/haber/516512/ayrimcidamgalayici-ve-irkci-ifadeler-yabanci-ogrencileri-hedef-haline-getiriyor adresinden alındı.
  • Ferguson, H., & Sherrell, H. (2019). Overseas Students In Australian Higher Education: A Quick Guide.
  • Flynn, S., & Arthur, N. (2013). International Students Views Of Transition To EmploymentAnd Immigration. Canadian Journal of Career Development, 12(1), 28-37.
  • gdh. (2024, Mayıs 28). Yabancı Öğrenci Meselesinde Hiç Bilinmeyenler. Haziran 20, 2024 tarihinde https://gdh.digital/yabanci-ogrenci-meselesinde-hic-bilinmeyenler-115264 adresinden alındı.
  • Geddie, K. (2015). Policy Mobilities in The Race For Talent: Competitive State Strategies In International Student Mobility. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 40(2), 235-248.
  • Gonnot, J., & Lanati, M. (2024). Visa Policy and International Student Migration: Evidence from Canada.
  • Gopal, A. (2014). Canada’s immigration policies to attract international students. International Higher Education, (75), 19-21. https://doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2014.75.5435
  • Gopal, A. (2016). Visa and immigration trends: a comparative examination of international student mobility in canada, australia, the united kingdom, and the united states. Strategic Enrollment Management Quarterly, 4(3), 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1002/sem3.20091
  • Government of New Zealand (2018), International Education Strategy 2018 – 2030, http:// www.enz.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/International-Education-Strategy-2018-2030.pdf
  • Gribble, C. 2008, Policy Options For Managing İnternational Student Migration: The Sending Country’s Perspective, Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 25-39
  • Grubbs, E. N. (2019). Academic Espionage: Striking The Balance Between Open And Collaborative Universities And Protecting National Security. North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology, 20(5), 235.
  • György, B. Z. (2022). National Security and Higher Education–Challenges, Risks and Threats. Nemzetbiztonsági Szemle, 10(3), 91-99.
  • Hamid, M. O., Hoang, N. T. H., & Kirkpatrick, A. (2018). Language Tests, Linguistic Gatekeeping And Global Mobility. Current Issues in Language Planning, 20(3), 226–244. https:// doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2018.1495371
  • Handler, H. (2018). Economic Links Between Education And Migration: An Overview. Flash Paper Series, Policy Crossover Center Vienna-Europe, (4).
  • Heck, R.H., Mu, X.I. (2016). Economics of Globalization in Higher Education: Current Issues in Recruiting and Serving International Students. In: Papa, R., English, F. (eds) Educational Leaders Without Borders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12358-5_7
  • Huang, R. (2022). A case study to explore the key factors that influence international students’ immigration intention in taiwan: a revised model of goal directed betional Migration, 61(3), 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.13022
  • İHA. (2024, Nisan 13). Irkçılık, Yabancı Öğrenciyi Kaçırıyor. Haziran 20, 2024 tarihinde https://www.iha.com.tr/istanbul-haberleri/irkcilik-yabanci-ogrenciyi-kaciriyor-73804067 adresinden alındı.
  • Johnstone, D. B., & Marcucci, P. N. (2010). Financing higher education worldwide: Who pays? Who should pay?. jhu Press.
  • Kang, D. S. (2014). How International Students Build A Positive Relationship With A Hosting Country: Examination Of Strategic Public, Message And Channel Of National Public Relations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 43, 201-214.
  • Kaša, R., & Mhamed, A. A. S. (2013). Language Policy and the Internationalization of Higher Education in the Baltic Countries. European Education, 45(2), 28–50. https://doi. org/10.2753/EUE1056-4934450202
  • Ke H., Junfeng D. & Xiaojing L. (2022) International Students’ University Choice To Study Abroad In Higher Education And Influencing Factors Analysis. Front. Psychol. 13:1036569. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1036569
  • King, R., & Raghuram, P. (2013). International Student Migration: Mapping The Field And New Research Agendas. Population, Space and Place, 19(2), 127–137. https://doi. org/10.1002/psp.1746
  • Levatino, A., Eremenko, T., Molinero Gerbeau, Y., Consterdine, E., Kabbanji, L., Gonzalez-Ferrer, A., ... & Beauchemin, C. (2018). Opening or Closing Borders to International Students? Convergent and Divergent Dynamics in France, Spain and The UK. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 16(3), 366-380.
  • Levent, F. (2016). The Economic İmpacts Of International Student Mobility In The Globalization Process. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(3), 3853. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs. v13i3.3877
  • Lim, S. S., & Pham, B. (2016). ‘If You Are A Foreigner In A Foreign Country, You Stick Together’: Technologically Mediated Communication And Acculturation Of Migrant Students. New Media & Society, 18(10), 2171-2188.
  • Liu, W. (2024). The impact of visa policy on higher education international students. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 26, 92-99. https://doi.org/10.54097/0bkyjg13
  • Liu Farrer, G. (2009). Educationally channeled international labor mobility: contemporarystudent migration from china to japan. International Migration Review, 43(1), 178-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2008.01152.x
  • Machin, S., & Murphy, R. (2017). Paying Out And Crowding Out? The Globalization Of Higher Education. Journal of Economic Geography, 17(5), 1075-1110.
  • Mahmoud, M. A., Oppong, E., Twimasie, D., Husseini, M. M., Kastner, A. N. A., & Oppong, M. (2019). Culture and Country Choice of International Students: Evidence from Ghana. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 30(1), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/08 841241.2019.1688444
  • Matsumoto, R., & Viczko, M. (2023). Categorizations of Crisis: Access To Higher Education In Canada As International Students And Forcibly Displaced People. Higher Education Research & Development, 42(5), 1119-1132.
  • McFadden, A., & Seedorff, L. (2017). International Student Employment: Navigating Immigration Regulations, Career Services, And Employer Considerations. New Directions for Student Services, 158(2017), 37-48.
  • Mihi-Ramírez, A. (2016). Trends In The International Academic Migration: A Case of Spain. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 4(1), 113-128.
  • Milliyet. (2024, Mart 24). Sosyal Medyada Karabük Üniversitesi Tartışması, Yabancı Öğrenciler Yine Gündemde. Haziran 20, 2024 tarihinde https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/sosyal-medyada-karabuk-universitesi-tartismasi-yabanci-ogrenciler-yine-gundemde-7100810 adresinden alındı.
  • Minaeva, E., Wang, L., & de Wit, H. (2022). National Agencies And Private Actors In International Student Recruitment. In International Student Recruitment and Mobility in Non-Anglophone Countries (pp. 17-31). Routledge.
  • Nghia, T. (2019), “Motivations for Studying Abroad and Immigration Intentions”, Journal of International Students, Vol. 9/3.
  • NTV. (2024, Mart 27). Karabük Üniversitesi’nde yabancı öğrencilere sağlık raporu şartı getirildi. Haziran 20, 2024 tarihinde https://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/karabukte-yabanci-ogrencilere-saglik-raporu-sarti-getirildi,62CGN4IHekitQCW0Y6LhDQ adresinden alındı.
  • Oding, M., Palang-at, J., & Jose, A. (2021). To Pass Or Not To Pass: A Qualitative Inquiry On Students’ Views On The Academic Retention Policy. Journal of Education and Learning (Edulearn), 15(2), 161-167. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v15i2.20067
  • OECD (2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Latvia 2017, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi. org/10.1787/eco_surveys-lva-2017-en.
  • OECD (2022), International Migration Outlook 2022, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi. org/10.1787/30fe16d2-en.
  • Omoruyi, T., Rembielak, G., & Parlińska, A. (2014). International Students Contribution To Business Schools In The UK HEIs. Review of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 17(02), 45-48. https://doi.org/10.15414/raae.2014.17.02.45-48
  • Paulino, M. A., & Castaño, M. C. N. (2019). Exploring Factors Influencing International Students› Choice. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 8, 131-149.
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  • Raghuram, P. (2013). Theorising The Spaces Of Student Migration. Population, space and place, 19(2), 138-154.
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  • Rui, J. R., & Wang, H. (2015). Social Network Sites And International Students’ Cross-Cultural Adaptation. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 400-411.
  • Shanka, T., Quintal, V., & Taylor, R. (2006). Factors Influencing International Students’ Choice Of An Education Destination – A Correspondence Analysis. Journal of Marketing for Higher education, 15(2), 31-46.
  • Shih, K. (2015). Labor market openness, h-1b visa policy, and the scale of international student enrollment in the united states. Economic Inquiry, 54(1), 121-138. https://doi. org/10.1111/ecin.12250
  • Spring, J. 2009, Globalization of Education: An Introduction, Queens College & Graduate Centre, City University of New York.
  • Strik, M. H. A., Hart, B. D., & Nissen, E. J. W. (2013). Family Reunification. A barrier or facilitator of integration?. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers
  • Sweetman, A., & Warman, C. (2010). A New Source Of Immigration: The Canadian Experience Class. Policy Options, 31(7), 58-61. Türkiye Gazetesi, https://arsiv.turkiyegazetesi.com.tr/egitim/uluslararasi-ogrenci-sayisi-310-bini-asti-973969 , Erişim: 09.05.2023.
  • Umar, S. & Rahman, M. M. (2023). International student migration to the gcc states: a comparative study. Migration and Development, 12(1), 111-140. https://doi. org/10.1177/21632324231194767
  • UNESCO, Institute For Statistics, http://data.uis.unesco.org/index.aspx?queryid=3804#
  • Varghese, N.V. 2008, Globalization Of Higher Education And Cross-Border Student Mobility, International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO.
  • Waters, J., & Brooks, R. (2021). Student Migrants And Contemporary Educational Mobilities. In Student Migrants And Contemporary Educational Mobilities (pp. 1-19). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • World Education Service (2017), Career Prospects and Outcomes of U.S.-Educated International Students: Improving Services, Bolstering Success, https://knowledge.wes.org/wes-research-report-career-outcomes.
  • Yıldırım, A., ve Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Seçkin, Ankara.
  • YÖK. (2024, Nisan 18). Uluslararası Öğrenciler İle İlgili Açıklama. Haziran 20, 2024 tarihinde https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2024/uluslararasi-ogrenciler-ile-ilgili-aciklama.aspx adresinden alındı
Toplam 79 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası Göç, Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ercan Akar 0000-0001-6708-7196

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 12 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Akar, E. (2024). ULUSLARARASI ÖĞRENCİ GÖÇÜNE YÖNELİK FARKLI ÜLKELERDEKİ UYGULAMALAR VE TÜRKİYE İÇİN ÖNERİLER. Middle East Journal of Refugee Studies, 9(2), 29-57. https://doi.org/10.70045/mejrs.1493126