La Compensation Identitaire Culturelle : Le Cas des Tatars de Tachkent dans l'Ouzbékistan Post-Soviétique

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 3, 1 - 9, 26.09.2024

Mizuki Sakurama Nakamura

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13838469

Öz

Cette étude ethnographique examine le maintien et la transformation de l'identité tatare à Tachkent, Ouzbékistan, dans le contexte post-soviétique. Malgré la perte progressive de la langue tatare, la communauté préserve une identité ethnique distincte à travers divers marqueurs culturels. Le concept de « compensation identitaire culturelle » est proposé pour expliquer comment, face à la perte d'un marqueur identitaire majeur, d'autres pratiques culturelles sont investies d'une signification accrue. La cuisine traditionnelle, les noms tatars et la réinvention de célébrations comme le Sabantuy jouent un rôle crucial dans ce processus. L'étude révèle une flexibilité identitaire caractérisée par la capacité à naviguer entre différentes identités culturelles, illustrant une forme de « cosmopolitisme vernaculaire » adapté au contexte post-soviétique. La réinvention des traditions est analysée comme une adaptation créative plutôt qu'une fabrication artificielle, remettant en question la dichotomie entre tradition authentique et inventée. Ces observations soulignent la nécessité de dépasser les modèles essentialistes de l'identité ethnique et d'adopter une approche plus dynamique et contextuelle. L'étude contribue à la compréhension des dynamiques identitaires dans les sociétés post-soviétiques et, plus largement, dans les contextes de migration et de minorités ethniques. Elle met en évidence la résilience et l'adaptabilité des identités minoritaires face aux changements sociopolitiques.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tatars, Ouzbékistan, identité ethnique, minorité, post-soviétique

Etik Beyan

Cette étude a respecté les principes éthiques de la Déclaration d'Helsinki. Tous les participants ont fourni un consentement éclairé écrit avant leur participation, et leur anonymat a été assuré tout au long de l'étude.

Destekleyen Kurum

JSPS KAKENHI

Proje Numarası

JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 21J00043, 22KJ2866.

Cultural Identity Compensation: The Case of Tatars in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan

Öz

This ethnographic study examines the maintenance and transformation of Tatar identity in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, within the post-Soviet context. Despite the progressive loss of the Tatar language, the community preserves a distinct ethnic identity through various cultural markers. The concept of "cultural identity compensation" is proposed to explain how, in the face of losing a major identity marker, other cultural practices are invested with increased significance. Traditional cuisine, Tatar names, and the reinvention of celebrations like Sabantuy play a crucial role in this process. The study reveals an identity flexibility characterized by the ability to navigate between different cultural identities, illustrating a form of "vernacular cosmopolitanism" adapted to the post-Soviet context. The reinvention of traditions is analyzed as a creative adaptation rather than an artificial fabrication, challenging the dichotomy between "authentic" and "invented" tradition. These observations highlight the need to move beyond essentialist models of ethnic identity and adopt a more dynamic and contextual approach. The study contributes to the understanding of identity dynamics in post-Soviet societies and, more broadly, in contexts of migration and ethnic minorities. It demonstrates the resilience and adaptability of minority identities in the face of socio-political changes. The research underscores the complexity of ethnic identity maintenance in minority situations and proposes new theoretical frameworks for understanding these processes, with implications for both academic research and policies supporting cultural diversity in multiethnic societies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tatars, Uzbekistan, ethnic identity, minority, post-Soviet

Etik Beyan

This study adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent prior to their involvement, and their anonymity was ensured throughout the study.

Proje Numarası

JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 21J00043, 22KJ2866.

Kültürel Kimlik Telafisi: Post-Sovyet Özbekistan'da Taşkent Tatarları Örneği

Öz

Bu etnografik çalışma, Sovyet sonrası bağlamda Özbekistan'ın Taşkent şehrinde Tatar kimliğinin korunmasını ve dönüşümünü incelemektedir. Tatar dilinin giderek kaybedilmesine rağmen, topluluk çeşitli kültürel göstergeler aracılığıyla belirgin bir etnik kimliği korumaktadır. Önemli bir kimlik belirtecinin kaybı karşısında diğer kültürel uygulamaların artan bir öneme sahip olduğunu açıklamak için "kültürel kimlik telafisi" kavramı önerilmektedir. Geleneksel mutfak, Tatar isimleri ve Sabantuy gibi kutlamaların yeniden yorumlanması bu süreçte çok önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Çalışma, farklı kültürel kimlikler arasında geçiş yapabilme yeteneğiyle karakterize edilen bir kimlik esnekliğini ortaya koymakta ve Sovyet sonrası bağlama uyarlanmış bir "yerel kozmopolitizm" biçimini göstermektedir. Geleneklerin yeniden yorumlanması, yapay bir üretimden ziyade yaratıcı bir adaptasyon olarak analiz edilmekte ve "otantik" ile "icat edilmiş" gelenek arasındaki ikiliği sorgulamaktadır. Bu gözlemler, etnik kimliğin özcü modellerinin ötesine geçme ve daha dinamik ve bağlamsal bir yaklaşım benimseme ihtiyacını vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma, Sovyet sonrası toplumlardaki ve daha geniş anlamda göç ve etnik azınlık bağlamlarındaki kimlik dinamiklerinin anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca, azınlık kimliklerinin sosyo-politik değişimler karşısındaki direncini ve uyarlanabilirliğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tatarlar, Özbekistan, etnik kimlik, azınlık, Sovyet sonrası

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, Helsinki Bildirgesi'nin etik ilkelerine bağlı kalmıştır. Tüm katılımcılar, çalışmaya dahil olmadan önce yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onam vermiş ve çalışma boyunca anonimliklerinin korunması sağlanmıştır.

Proje Numarası

JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 21J00043, 22KJ2866.

Kaynakça

• Barth, F. (1969). Ethnic groups and boundaries: The social organization of culture difference. Little, Brown and Company.
• Bhabha, H. K. (1996). Unsatisfied: Notes on vernacular cosmopolitanism. In L. Garcia-Moreno & P. C. Pfeiffer (Eds.), Text and nation: Cross-disciplinary essays on cultural and national identities (pp. 191-207). Camden House.
• Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241-258). Greenwood.
• Brubaker, R. (1996). Nationalism reframed: Nationhood and the national question in the new Europe. Cambridge University Press.
• Brubaker, R. (2002). Ethnicity without groups. European Journal of Sociology, 43(2), 163-189.
• Brubaker, R., & Cooper, F. (2000). Beyond "identity". Theory and Society, 29(1), 1-47.
• Faist, T. (2000). Transnationalization in international migration: Implications for the study of citizenship and culture. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23(2), 189-222.
• Fishman, J. A. (1991). Reversing language shift: Theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages. Multilingual Matters.
• Frank, A. J. (2012). Bukhara and the Muslims of Russia: Sufism, education, and the paradox of Islamic prestige. Brill.
• Gabdrakhmanova, G. F., & Sagdiyeva, E. A. (2019). Tatary sovremennogo Tashkenta: etnicheskaya identichnost’ v kontekste sotsial’nykh transformatsiy [Les Tatars de Tachkent moderne: L'identité ethnique dans le contexte de la transformation sociale]. Etnograficheskoye obozreniye, 1, 79-96.
• Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
• Gorenburg, D. (2006). Soviet nationalities policy and assimilation. In D. Arel & B. A. Ruble (Eds.), Rebounding identities: The politics of identity in Russia and Ukraine (pp. 273-303). Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
• Halbwachs, M. (1950). La mémoire collective. Presses Universitaires de France.
• Hobsbawm, E., & Ranger, T. (Eds.). (1983). The invention of tradition. Cambridge University Press.
• Kanuha, V. K. (2000). "Being" native versus "going native": Conducting social work research as an insider. Social Work, 45(5), 439-447.
• Khalid, A. (1998). The politics of Muslim cultural reform: Jadidism in Central Asia. University of California Press.
• Khalilova, L. R. (2018). Natsional’no-kul’turnaya zhizn’ tatar g. Tashkenta v 1990–2017 gg. [La vie nationale-culturelle des Tatars à Tachkent en 1990-2017]. Aktual’nyye problemy regionovedeniya i naukovedeniya, 199-206.
• Laitin, D. D. (1998). Identity in formation: The Russian-speaking populations in the near abroad. Cornell University Press.
• Laruelle, M. (2007). The return of the Aryan myth: Tajikistan in search of a secularized national ideology. Nationalities Papers, 35(1), 51-70.
• Megoran, N. (2017). Nationalism in Central Asia: A biography of the Uzbekistan-Kyrgyzstan boundary. University of Pittsburgh Press.
• Pruvost, G. (2021). Quotidien politique: Féminisme, écologie, subsistance. La Découverte. Sahlins, M. (1999). What is anthropological enlightenment? Some lessons of the twentieth century. Annual Review of Anthropology, 28(1), i-xxiii.
• Smolicz, J. J. (1981). Core values and cultural identity. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 4(1), 75-90.
• Sutton, D. E. (2001). Remembrance of repasts: An anthropology of food and memory. Berg.
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Brooks/Cole.
• Vertovec, S. (2007). Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(6), 1024-1054.
• Yanova, D. R. (2010). Istoriya tatarskoy diaspory v Uzbekistane v XX veke [Histoire de la diaspora tatare en Ouzbékistan au 20e siècle]. Molodyye vostokovedy stran Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv, 193-206.
• Yusupova, G. (2018). Cultural nationalism and everyday resistance in an illiberal nationalising state: Ethnic minority nationalism in Russia. Nations and Nationalism, 24(3), 624-647.