Feed Additives as Antimicrobial Agents in Aquaculture: A Focus on Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) and Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs)

Öz

• The intensification of aquaculture to meet growing global seafood demand has led to increased disease outbreaks and reliance on antibiotics, exacerbating antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This review explores the potential of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), a subgroup of organic acids, and microorganism-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as sustainable alternatives to antibiotics in aquaculture feed. SCFAs, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, modulate the gut microbiome, enhance innate and adaptive immunity, and maintain gut epithelial integrity, while AMPs directly target pathogens through membrane disruption, pore formation, and intracellular mechanisms. The review examines the sources, mechanisms of action, and antimicrobial activity of SCFAs and AMPs against common aquaculture pathogens such as Vibrio species, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Streptococcus agalactiae, highlighting their synergistic potential. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrates improved growth performance, disease resistance, and survival rates in various aquaculture species. Challenges related to production costs, enzymatic degradation, stability, delivery systems, and regulatory approval are discussed, along with future research directions including genetic engineering approaches and advanced encapsulation technologies to optimize their application in promoting sustainable aquaculture practices and reducing antibiotic dependence.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sustainable Aquaculture
• Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
• Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
• Feed additives
• Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)

Akuakültürde Antimikrobiyal Ajan Olarak Yem Katkı Maddeleri: Kısa Zincirli Yağ Asitleri (SCFA’lar) ve Antimikrobiyal Peptitler (AMP’ler) Üzerine Odaklanma

Öz

Su ürünleri endüstrisinin artan küresel deniz ürünleri talebini karşılaması, hastalık salgınlarının artmasına ve antibiyotiklere bağlılığa yol açmış ve antimikrobiyal direnç (AMR) sorununu şiddetlendirmiştir. Bu derlemede, özellikle kısa zincirli yağ asitleri (SCFA'lar) ve mikroorganizma kaynaklı antimikrobiyal peptitler (AMP'lar) su ürünleri yemlerinde antibiyotiklere sürdürülebilir alternatifler olarak potansiyelleri incelenmiştir. SCFA'lar (asetat, propiyonat, bütirat) bağırsak mikrobiyotasını modüle eder, bağışıklığı güçlendirir; AMP'lar patojenleri membran bozucu etkiyle hedefler. SCFA'lar ve AMP'lerin Vibrio türleri, Aeromonas hydrophila ve Streptococcus agalactiae gibi patojenlere karşı antimikrobiyal etkileri, kaynakları ve sinerjik potansiyelleri sentezlenerek değerlendirilmiş; etki mekanizmalarına genel bakış sunulmuştur. In vitro/in vivo çalışmalar hayatta kalma, hastalık direnci ve sağkalımı iyileştirdiğini göstermektedir. Üretim maliyetleri, stabilite ve regülasyon zorlukları tartışılmış; genetik mühendislik ve enkapsülasyonla gelecek yönler belirtilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sürdürülebilir Su Ürünleri
• Antimikrobiyal direnç (AMR)
• Yem katkı maddeleri.
• Kısa zincirli yağ asitleri (SCFA'lar)
• Antimikrobiyal peptitler (AMP'ler)

Kaynakça

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