Human capital inequality in Turkey, 1950-2020
Öz
The paper examines human capital inequality in Turkey over the last seventy
years, both at provincial level and across genders. Average years of schooling
has increased from just above one year to nine years over time and education
inequality has declined significantly and monotonically. However, when one
considers Mincerian human capital measures, the trend is not as clear. While
under the decreasing returns to education assumption within-province inequal-
ity follows an inverted U-shape pattern, the inequality shows no tendency to
decline if one assumes increasing returns. Although there is a convergence in in-
equality at a much lower level if one were to use average years of education, the
convergence in Mincerian measure of human capital inequality occurs at much
higher level. The gender gap, on the other hand, increases earlier and starts
declining after 1980s at the national level, yet, there are significant regional
variations and within-province inequality increases in gender differences.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- References AŞIK, G., KARAKOÇ, U., and PAMUK, Ş. (2023), Regional Inequalities and the West-East Divide in Turkey since 1913, The Economic History Review, 1-28.
- BARRO, R. J. (1991), Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 407-443.
- BİLS, M. and KLENOW, P. J. (2000), Does Schooling Cause Growth? American Economic Review, 90(5),1160–1183.
- CASTELLÓ, A. and DOMÉNECH, R. (2021), Human Capital and Income Inequality Revisited. Education Economics, 29(2), 194-212.
- CASTELLÓ, A. and DOMÉNECH, R. (2022), Converging to Convergence: The Role of Human Capital, BBVA Research Working Paper Journal, no. 22-12.
- Chiswick, B. R. (1971). Earnings Inequality and Economic Development, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 85(1), 21-39.
- COLCLOUGH, C., KINGDON, G. and PATRINOS, H. (2010), The Changing Pattern of Wage Returns to Education and its Implications, Development Policy Review, 28(6), 733-747.
- De GREGORIO, J. and LEE, J. (2015), Education and Income Inequality: New Evidence from Cross-Country Data, Review of Income and Wealth, 30, 63-92.
- FİLİZTEKİN, A. (2015), Income Inequality Trend in Turkey, İktisat İşletme and Finans, 19(5), 537-554.
- FÖLDVARI, P. and van LEEUWEN, B. (2011), Should Less Inequality in Education Lead to a More Equal Income Distribution? Education Economics, 19(5), 537-554.