Artificial Intelligence and Migration Governance: Navigating Cooperation and Complexity in EU-Turkey Relations

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 51 Sayı: 2, 191 - 209, 27.12.2024

Ayselin Yıldız , Dilaver Arıkan Açar

Öz

Artificial intelligence (AI) and emerging technologies are becoming significant in migration governance by introducing innovative tools for managing and estimating mobility, enabling data-driven analysis, and improving policy efficiency. This article investigates how specific dynamic developments in AI technologies shapes EU-Turkiye relations within the realm of migration governance. It explores the EU's strategies for AI integration, Turkey's evolving practices, and the opportunities for collaboration, emphasizing shared interests while addressing the geopolitical complexities involved. Drawing on case studies and policy frameworks, the article argues that the adoption of new technologies in migration governance necessitates EU-Turkey cooperation, transcending the conventional framework of EU accession. The discussion highlights potential areas of collaboration, the anticipated benefits, and the challenges, including the security concerns and the ethical dilemmas surrounding human rights and privacy. By emphasizing shared interests, this study highlights the critical role of joint efforts in navigating the complexities of AI-driven migration governance while fostering more effective and equitable policy outcomes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Turkiye-EU relations, migration governance, artificial intelligence, evidence based policy making

Kaynakça

• ABOMHARA, M., YILDIRIM YAYILGAN, S., NWEKE, L. O., & SZÉKELY, Z. (2021), A comparison of primary stakeholders’ views on the deployment of biometric technologies in border management: Case study of SMart mobILity at the European land borders. Technology in Society, 64.
• BAKER, F., ETYEMEZIAN, H., & JIMENEZ, R. M. (2024), AI for efficient, evidence-informed humanitarianism, May 29, https://medium.com/unhcr-innovation-service/ai-for-efficient-evidence-informed-humanitarianism-fd246238a0ad
• BANSAK, K. et al. (2018), Improving refugee integration through data-driven algorithmic assignment, Science. 359, 325–329.
• BEDUSCHI, A. (2021), Artificial intelligence and immigration policy: Ethical and legal implications. European Journal of Migration and Law, 23(1), 45-62.
• BELLANOVA, R., & DUEZ, D. (2020), AI at the border: Surveillance and migration control. Security Dialogue, 51(2), 193-211.
• CEYHAN, A., & TSOUKALA, A. (2002), The securitization of migration in Western societies: Ambivalent discourses and policies. Alternatives, 27(Special Issue), 21-39.
• CHUI, M., HARRYSON, M., MANYIKA, J., ROBERTS, R., CHUNG, R., VAN HETEREN, A., & NEL, P. (2018), Notes from the AI Frontier: Applying AI for Social Good, McKinsey Global Institute, Washington D.C., December.
• COUNCIL OF THE EU (2022), A strategic compass for security and defence,
• https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-7371-2022-INIT/en/pdf
• DIMITRIADI, A., KAYA, A., KALE, B. and ZURABISHVILI, T. (2018), EU-Turkey Relations and Irregular Migration: Transactional Cooperation in the Making, FEUTURE Online Paper No. 16, https://feuture.uni-koeln.de/sites/feuture/user_upload/FEUTURE_Online_Paper_No_16_ D6.3.
• EUROPEAN DIGITAL RIGHTS (EDRI) (2024), EU AI Act fails migrants and people on the move, https://edri.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Statement-AI-Act-migration.pdf
• EUROMED RIGHTS (2023), AI in border control and surveillance, November, https://euromedrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/230929_SlideshowXAI.pdf
• EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2024a), Türkiye, https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/ enlargement-policy/turkiye_en#:~:text=T%C3%BCrkiye%20is%20a%20key%20strategic, eligible%20to%20join%20the%20EU.
• EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2024b), Turkey 2024 report, Brussels, 30.10.2024, SWD 2024 696 final, https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/document/download/8010c4db-6ef8-4c85-aa06-814408921c89_en?filename=Türkiye%20Report%202024.pdf.
• EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2022), The use of digitalisation and AI in migration management, https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/topics/policy-issues/migration/EMN-OECD-INFORM-FEB-2022-The-use-of-Digitalisation-and-AI-in-Migration-Management.pdf.
• EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2020a), EU security union strategy, 24.7.2020, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0605.
• https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-7371-2022-INIT/en/pdf
• EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2020b), Opportunities and challenges for the use of artificial intelligence in border control, migration and security, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c8823cd1-a152-11ea-9d2d-01aa75ed71a1/language-en
• EUROPEAN COUNCIL (2021), European Council Conclusions on External Relations, 24 June 2021, 25 June, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2021/06/25/ european-council-conclusions-on-external-relations-24-june-2021/
• EUROPEAN UNION (2024). ETIAS, https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias_en
• GUTIERREZ, D. (2020), Interview: Pamela McCorduck, AI industry pioneer, January 22, https://insideainews.com/2020/01/22/interview-pamela-mccorduck-ai-industry-pioneer/
• HIGH-LEVEL EXPERT GROUP ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI HLEG) (2019), https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/ai_hleg_definition_of_ai_18_december_1.pdf.
• HILDEBRANDT, M. (2022), The politics of AI in EU migration management. Journal of Common Market Studies, 60(4), 867-885.
• IOM (2021), World migration report 2022: Chapter 11 - Artificial intelligence, migration and mobility: Implications for policy and practice, https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2022-chapter-11
• JONES, C., LANNEAU, R. MACCANICO, Y. (2023), Europe’s Techno Borders, https://euromedrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/EuroMed-Rights_Statewatch_Europe-techno-borders_EN-1.pdf
• KINCHIN, N., & MOUGOUEI, D. (2022), What can artificial intelligence do for refugee status determination? A proposal for removing subjective fear. International Journal of Refugee Law, 34(3-4), 373-397.
• LANG, I. G. (2024), Security-centric approach in the use of digital technologies in EU migration and asylum policies. Transnational Legal Theory, 1-9.
• LEESE, M., NOORI, S., & SCHEEL, S. (2021), Data matters: The politics and practices of digital border and migration management. Geopolitics, 27(1), 5-25.
• MCAULIFFE, M. (2023), AI in migration is fuelling global inequality: How can we bridge the gap?, January 25, https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/01/ai-in-migration-is-fuelling-global-inequality-how-can-we-bridge-gap/
• MOLNAR, P. (2024), The walls have eyes surviving migration in the age of artificial intelligence, The New Press: New York London.
• MOLNAR, P. (2020), Technology on the margins: AI, migration, and ethics. AI & Society, 35(3), 485-498.
• MOLNAR, P. ve GILL, L. (2018), Bots at the Gate: A Human Rights Analysis of Automated Decision-Making in Canada’s Immigration and Refugee System, University of Toronto: Toronto.
• MÜFTÜLER-BAÇ, M. (2017), Turkey’s future with the European Union: Alternative modes of differentiated integration. Turkish Studies, 18(3), 416-439.
• NALBANDIAN, L. (2022), An eye for an ‘I’: A critical assessment of artificial intelligence tools in migration and asylum management”, CMS, 10: 32.
• NAPOLITANO, A. (2023), Artificial Intelligence: The New Frontier of the EU’s Border Externalisation Strategy, https://euromedrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Euromed_AI-Migration-Report_EN-1.pdf
• NILSSON, N. J. (2014), Principles of Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann: Burlington, MA.
• OECD (2024). International Migration Outlook 2024, November 14, https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/international-migration-outlook-2024_50b0353e-en/full-report/denmark_ac7a5f7f.html
• OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EU, (2024a), Eurodac Regulation, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32024R1358
• OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EU, (2024b), Screening Regulation, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202401356
• OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EU, (2024c), Asylum Procedure Regulation, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1348/oj
• OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EU, (2024d), Schengen Information System Regulation, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1348/oj
• OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EU, (2024e), EU AI Act, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024R1689
• OZKUL, D. (2023), Automating Immigration and Asylum: The Uses of New Technologies in Migration and Asylum Governance in Europe, Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford: Oxford.
• REPUBLIC OF TÜRKİYE PRESIDENCY OF MIGRATION MANAGEMENT (PMM) (2024), Temporary Protection, https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638
• REPUBLIC OF TÜRKİYE MINISTRY OF INTERIOR (2024). Sınır Yönetimi Alanında Yürütülen Projeler,
• https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/illeridaresi/sinir-yonetimi-alaninda-yurutulen-projeler
• PMM. (2024), Türkiye’nin Düzensiz Göçle Mücadelesi, https://www.goc.gov.tr/turkiyenin-duzensiz-gocle-mucadelesi
• PRESIDENCY OF REPUBLIC OF TÜRKİYE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OFFICE (2024), Ulusal Yapay Zeka Stratejisi 2021-2025, https://cbddo.gov.tr/UYZS
• RAWASHDEH, S. (2023). AI's mysterious ‘black box’ problem, explained, March 6, https://umdearborn.edu/news/ais-mysterious-black-box-problem-explained
• SADIK, G. & KAYA, C. (2020), The Role of Surveillance Technologies in the Securitization of EU Migration Policies and Border Management. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 17(68): 145–160.
• SALGADO, L., & BEIRENS, H. (2023), What role could digital technologies play in the new EU pact on migration and asylum?, Policy Brief, Migration Policy Institute, December.
• SHEIKH, H., PRINS, C., & SCHRIJVERS, E. (2023), Artificial intelligence: Definition and background mission AI: The newsSystem technology, Springer, Cham,15-41.
• SPYRATOS, S. et al. (2018), Migration data using social media: A European perspective, Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg.
• STATEWATCH (2022), A clear and present danger missing safeguards on migration and asylum in the EU’s AI Act. May, https://www.statewatch.org/media/3285/sw-a-clear-and-present-danger-ai-act-migration-11-5-22.pdf
• TAZZIOLI, M. (2023), Surveillance at sea: Frontex, drones, and AI. International Migration Review, 57(1), 113-131.
• TURHAN, E., & YILDIZ, A. (2022), Turkey’s external differentiated integration with the EU in the field of migration governance: The case of border management”, in The Routledge Handbook of Differentiation in the European Union, Eds. B. Leruth, S. Gänzle & J. Trondal, Routledge: New York.
• TURING, A. M. (1950), Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 236, 433-435.
• UNHCR Türkiye (2024). Türkiye Factsheet, https://www.unhcr.org/tr/media/bi-annual-fact-sheet-2024-09-turkiye-pdf
• ÜSTÜBİCİ, A. (2019), The impact of externalized migration governance on Turkey: Technocratic migration governance and the production of differentiated legal status. Comparative Migration Studies, 7(46), 1-18.
• YILDIZ, A. (2016), The European Union’s immigration policy: Managing migration in Turkey and Morocco, Springer: London.