Biometric Responses of Nut and Kernel Hazelnuts to Genetic and Light-Related Factors

Öz

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different light exposure levels on nut and kernel biometric traits in three commercially important hazelnut cultivars (‘Tombul’, ‘Palaz’, and ‘Kalınkara’). The research was conducted during the 2021 and 2022 in Ordu, Türkiye, under three light environments classified as high, medium, and low based on photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) measurements. Nut and kernel biometric parameters were calculated using dimensional measurements, and data were analyzed using combined ANOVA. Results indicated that shape-related traits exhibited relatively low variability, whereas size-related parameters such as diameter, surface area, and volume showed substantially higher variation. Analysis of variance revealed that cultivar had a highly significant effect on all traits, indicating that genetic factors were the primary source of biometric variation. Light level had a trait-dependent effect, significantly influencing most size-related parameters while showing limited impact on basic shape indices. Significant cultivar × light level interactions were detected for most traits, demonstrating genotype-specific responses to light environments. Among cultivars, ‘Kalınkara’ was showed relatively stable performance across light conditions. ‘Palaz’ exhibited higher sensitivity to light variation, while ‘Tombul’ reduced dimensions under low-light conditions. Overall, the findings highlight that both genetic background and light environment play important roles in determining hazelnut biometric characteristics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Corylus avellana
• Light availability
• Photosynthetically active radiation
• Nut morphology
• Kernel quality

Kabuklu ve İç Fındıkların Genetik ve Işıkla İlgili Faktörlere Karşı Biyometrik Tepkileri

Öz

Bu çalışmada, ticari açıdan önemli üç fındık çeşidinde (‘Tombul’, ‘Palaz’ ve ‘Kalınkara’) farklı ışık düzeylerinin kabuklu ve iç meyve biyometrik özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, 2021 ve 2022 yıllarında Ordu ilinde, fotosentetik aktif radyasyon (PAR) ölçümlerine göre yüksek, orta ve düşük olarak sınıflandırılan üç farklı ışık ortamında yürütülmüştür. Kabuklu ve iç meyve biyometrik parametreleri boyutsal ölçümler kullanılarak hesaplanmış ve veriler yıllar kombine edilerek varyans analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Analizler, şekil ile ilişkili özelliklerin nispeten düşük varyasyon gösterdiğini, buna karşılık çap, yüzey alanı ve hacim gibi boyuta bağlı parametrelerin daha yüksek değişkenlik sergilediğini ortaya koymuştur. Varyans analizi incelenen tüm özelliklere çeşidin yüksek derecede önemli etkiye sahip olduğunu ve biyometrik varyasyonun temel kaynağının genetik faktörler olduğunu göstermiştir. Işık düzeyinin etkisi özelliğe bağlı olarak değişmiş; çoğu boyutsal parametre üzerinde anlamlı etkiler belirlenirken, temel şekil indeksleri üzerinde sınırlı etki gözlenmiştir. Özelliklerin büyük çoğunluğunda önemli çeşit × ışık düzeyi etkileşimleri tespit edilmiş ve bu durum genotipe özgü ışık tepkilerini ortaya koymuştur. Çeşitler arasında ‘Kalınkara’, farklı ışık koşullarında nispeten stabil performans göstermiştir. ‘Palaz’ ışık değişimine karşı daha yüksek hassasiyet sergilerken, ‘Tombul’ düşük ışık koşullarında boyutlarında azalma göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, fındık biyometrik özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde hem genetik yapı hem de ışık ortamının önemli rol oynadığı ortaya konulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Corylus avellana
• Işık mevcudiyeti
• Fotosentetik aktif radyasyon
• Meyve morfolojisi
• İç kalitesi

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