Diagnosis, Prevention, Assesment and Management of Grapevine Leafroll Diseases

Öz

Grapevines are infected by 65 viruses, among which some members of the plant virus diseases, as they can induce yield losses in excess of 60% and seriously affect the plant survival in the
field. Grapevine Leafroll- Associated Virus Diseases are considered a serious threat in vineyards. Disease existed in all of the world’s vineyards. Leafroll viruses, whether symptom developed or not affect all native and Vitis vinifera species, hybrids and rootstocks. The disease has been identified in Europe in 19th century but tranmission of this disease has been demonstrated in 1937. The principal means of spreading disease is the use of infected material and second spreading is via vectors which grape mealybug (Pseudococcidae). In this review, general characteristics of the disease, the world situation, and practical information about the measures have been prepared from publication of various research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Grapevine
• leafroll virus diseases
• overall evaluation

Bağ Yaprak Kıvrılma Virüs Hastalığının Tanımı, Önlenmesi, Yönetimi ve Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bitki virüs hastalıklarından 65 tane virüs, bağları etkilemekte, %60’ları aşan verim kaybına neden olmakta ve tarlada bitki ömrünü ciddi anlamda etkilemektedir. Yaprak Kıvrılma Hastalığı da, bağların en önemli virüs hastalığıdır. Dünyanın bağ üretimi yapılan tüm bölgelerinde bulunmaktadır. Hastalık, ister simptom geliştirsin veya geliştirmesin tüm doğal ve Vitis vinifera türlerini, hibridlerini ve anaçlarını etkilemektedir. Hastalık Avrupa’da 19. yüzyılda tanımlanmış fakat aşıgözü ile taşınabilirliği 1937 yılına değin belirlenememiştir. Hastalığın yayılmasının en önemli kaynağı, çok büyük oranda aşı gözü, ikincil olarak da unlu bit türleri ile (Pseudococcidae) olmaktadır. Bu derleme de, hastalığa ait genel özellikleri, dünyadaki durumunu ve alınacak tedbirlerle ilgili pratik bilgileri çeşitli araştırıcıların yayınlarından taranarak hazırlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bağ
• yaprak kıvrılma virüs hastalığı
• genel değerlendirme

Kaynakça

1. Cabaleiro, C., Segura, A., 1997. Field transmission of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) by the mealybug Planococcus citri. Plant Disease 81, 283-287.
2. Cabaleiro, C., Segura, A. 2006. Temporal analysis of grapevine leafroll associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) epidemics. European Journal of Plant Pathology 114, 441-446.
3. Charles, J.G., Cohen, D., Walker, J.T.S., Forgie, S.A.,Bell, V.A.,Breen, K.C. 2006. A review of Grapevine Leafroll associated Virus type 3 (GLRaV-3) for the New Zealand wine industry. Report to New Zealand wine growers, HortResearch.
4. http://www.nzwine.com/assets/NZW_06_105_HR_GLRaV_3Review_Final_RptV2__Excl_Exec_Summ__250806.pdf
5. Daane, K.M., Cooper, M.L., Triapitsyn, S.W., Walton, V.W., Yokota, G.Y., Haviland,
6. D.R., Bentley, W.J. Godfrey, K., Wunderlich, L.R. 2008. Vineyard managers and researchers seek sustainable solutions for mealybugs, a changing pest complex. California Agriculture 62 (4), 167.
7. Dimitrijevic, B. 1973. Some observations on natural spread of grapevine leafroll disease in Yugoslavia. Rivista di Patologia Vegetale S.IV, 114-119.
8. Epstein, A.H. 1978. Root Graft Transmission of Tree Pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology 1, 181-192.

9. Fuchs, M., Martinson, T.E., Loeb, G.M., Hoch, H.C. 2009. Survey for the three major leafroll disease-associated viruses in Finger Lakes vineyards in New York. Plant Disease 93, 395,401.
10. Goheen, A.C., and Cook, J.A. 1959. Leafroll (red leaf or rougeau) and its effects on vine growth, fruit quality and yields. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. !0: 78-84.
11. Golino, D. A., Weber, E., Sim, S.T., Rowhani, A. 2008. Leafroll disease is spreading rapidly in a Napa Valley vineyard. California Agriculture 62 (4), 156.
12. Gugerli, P. 2003. Grapevine leafroll and related viruses. Extended abstracts 14th Meeting of ICVG, Locorotondo, Italy, 25-31.
13. Habili, N., Randles, J.W., Rowhani, A. 2003. Evidence for the apparent spread of Grapevine virus A and Grapevine leafrollassociated virus 9 in a research vineyard in Australia. Extended abstracts 14th Meeting of ICVG, Locorotondo, Italy. 213-214.Jordan, D. 1993. Leafroll spread in New Zealand vineyards. Australian and New Zealand Wine Industry Journal 8(4), 322-324
14. La Notte, P., Minafra, A., Saldarelli, P. 1997. A spot- PCR technique for the detection of phloem-limited grapevine viruses. Journal of Virological Methods 66, 103–108.
15. Legorburu, F.J., Recio, E., Lopez, E., Larreina, M. Aguirrezabal, F., Cibriain, J.F., Gonzalezrodriguez, R., Cabaleiro, C. 2009. Contrasting epidemiologies of grapevine virases depending on appellation and variety. Extended abstracts 16th Meeting of ICVG, Dijon, France.31 August-4 Sepetmber 2009. p112.
16. Madden, L.V., Hughes, G., Van Den Bosh, F. 2007. The Study of Plant Disease Epidemics. APS Press, St Paul, Minessota, USA.
17. Martelli, G.P. 2006. Grapevine virology highlights 2004-2005. Extended abstracts 15th Meeting of ICVG, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 13-18.
18. Martelli, G.P., and Boudon-Padieu, E., 2006. Directory of Infectious Diseases of Grapevines. Option Méditerraneénnes, Ser. B. 55: 7-201.
19. Martelli, G.P. 2008. Grapevine Leafroll disease, our state of knowledge. In: Grapevine Leafroll Disease - An Increasing Problem for California Vineyards. University of California Davis Extension Course. http://stream.ucanr.org/leafroll/Martelli/index.htm
20. Martelli, G.P. 2011. Grapevine closterovirus-, vitivirus- and foveavirus-induced diseases: Our status of knowledge. Grapevine leafroll and vitivirus diseases seminar – a continued and increasing problem for vineyards. 62nd Proceedings of the 17th Congress of ICVG, Davis, California, USA October 7–14, 2012
21. Martelli, G.P., 2014. Directory of virus and virus-like diseases of the grapevine and their agents. Journal of Plant Pathology 96 (1S): 51-70.
22. Martinson, T., Fuchs, M., and Loeb, G. 2011. Grapevine leafroll incidence, vectors and impact in the Finger Lakes region of New York. 62nd ASEV National Conference, Monterey, USA: 139-140.
23. Pietersen, G. 2004. Spread of grapevine leafroll disease in South Africa – a difficult, but not insurmountable problem. Wynboer. www.wynboer.co.za/recentarticles/0406leaf
24. Pietersen, G. 2006. Spatio temporal distribution dynamics of grapevine leafroll disease in Western Cape vineyards. Extended abstracts 15th ICVG, South Africa, 3-7 April 2006, 126-127.
25. Rowhani, A., Golino, D. 1995. ELISA test reveals new information about leafroll disease. Californian Agriculture 49(1), 26–9.
26. Sim, S.T., Rowhani, A., Golino, D.A. 2003. Experimental transmission of Grapevine leafroll associated virus 5 and 9 by longtailed mealybugs. Extended abstracts 14th Meeting of ICVG,Locorotondo, Italy. 211-212.
27. Tsai, C.-W., Rowhani, A., Golino, D.A., Daane, K.M., and Almeida, R.P.P. 2010. Mealybug transmission of grapevine leafroll viruses: An analysis of virus-vector specificity. Phytopathology 100: 830-834.
28. Walker, J.T.S., Charles, J.G., Froud, K.J., Connolyy, P. 2004. Leafroll virus in vineyards, modelling the spread and economic impact. Report to New Zealand Winegrowers Limited.
29. HortResearch.http://www.nzwine.com/assets/Leafroll_virus___economic_impact.pdf