Investigation of Diversity Based on Fruit Characteristics in Middle Kelkit Valley Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Genotypes with Multivariate Analysis

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 31 - 38, 09.07.2025

Ahmet Sümbül

https://doi.org/10.51532/meyve.1623395

Öz

In this study, fruit and leaflet characteristics of walnut genotypes grown from seed at the Middle Kelkit Valley were evaluated with multivariate analysis. Fruit and leaflet characteristics of genotypes showed wide variation. Among the important quality criteria in walnut breeding, nut weight ranged from 5.57 to 16.73 g, shell thickness ranged from 1.02 to 2.04 mm, kernel weight ranged from 2.64 to 8.16 g and kernel ratio ranged from 40.46% to 64.33%. Principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap hierarchical clustering analysis, used to reveal the diversity of genotypes, were effective in distinguishing genotypes according to fruit characteristics. According to PCA, three principal components (eigen value ≥ 1.00) explained 66.82% of the total variation. According to the results of heatmap hierarchical clustering analysis, genotypes were divided into two main groups. The study results on walnut genotypes provide guidance for future studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Juglans regia , principal component analysis , heatmap analysis , genetic diversity , morphological characteristics

Orta Kelkit Vadisi Ceviz (Juglans regia L.) Genotiplerinde Meyve Özelliklerine Dayalı Çeşitliliğin Çok Değişkenli Analizlerle İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Orta Kelkit Vadisinde tohumdan yetişen ceviz genotiplerinin meyve ve yaprakçık özellikleri çok değişkenli analizler ile değerlendirilmiştir. Genotiplerin meyve ve yaprakçık özellikleri geniş bir varyasyon göstermiştir. Ceviz ıslahında önemli kalite kriterlerinden olan özelliklerden, kabuklu meyve ağırlığı 5.57-16.73 g arasında, kabuk kalınlığı 1.02-2.04 mm arasında, iç meyve ağırlığı 2.64-8.16 g arasında ve iç meyve oranı %40.46-%64.33 arasında belirlenmiştir. Genotiplerin çeşitliliğini ortaya koymak için kullanılan temel bileşen analizi (TBA) ve heatmap hiyerarşik kümeleme analizi, genotipleri meyve özelliklerine göre ayırt etmede etkili olmuştur. TBA’ne göre, üç temel bileşen (eigen değeri ≥ 1,00) toplam varyasyonun %66,82’sini açıklamıştır. Heatmap hiyerarşik kümeleme analizi sonuçlarına göre genotipler iki ana gruba ayrılmıştır. Ceviz genotiplerine ait çalışma sonuçları gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalara yol gösterici niteliktedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Juglans regia , temel bileşen analizi , heatmap analizi , genetik çeşitlilik , morfolojik özellikler

Kaynakça

• Akça Y, Yuldaşulu YB, Murad E, Vahdati K, 2020. Exploring of walnut genetic resources in Kazakhstan and evaluation of promising selections. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 7(2), 93-102.
• Arzani K, Mansouri‐Ardakan H, Vezvaei A, Roozban MR, 2008. Morphological variation among Persian walnut (Juglans regia) genotypes from central Iran. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 36(3), 159-168.
• Başak İ, Özer G, Muradoğlu F, 2022. Morphometric traits and iPBS based molecular characterizations of walnut (Juglans regia) genotypes. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 69(8), 2731-2743.
• Bayazit S, Sumbul A, 2012. Determination of fruit quality and fatty acid composition of Turkish walnut (Juglans regia) cultivars and genotypes grown in subtropical climate of eastern Mediterranean region. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 14(3).
• Bayazit S, Çalışkan O, Sütyemez M, 2024. Bazı Ceviz Çeşitlerinde Meyve ve Kimyasal Özelliklerin Ekolojilere Göre Değişimi. Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences, 14(1), 71-81.
• Bujdoso G, Cseke K, 2021. The Persian walnut (Juglans regia) assortment of Hungary: Nut characteristics and origin. Scientia Horticulturae, 283, 110035.
• Cosmulescu S, Botu M, 2012. Walnut biodiversity in south-western Romania resource for perspective cultivars. Pak J Bot, 44(1), 307-311.
• Çiçek M, Gülsoy E, Aslantaş R, 2020. The determination of promising genotypes in native walnut (Juglans regia) populations of Hani (Diyarbakır) district. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 520-525.
• Einollahi F, Khadivi A, 2024. Morphological and pomological assessments of seedling-originated walnut (Juglans regia) trees to select the promising late-leafing genotypes. BMC Plant Biology, 24(1), 253.
• Gerçekcioğlu R, Gültekin N, Uğur Y, 2020. Chemical Properties of Selected Walnut (Juglans regia) Genotypes From The Hekimhan Region. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University (JAFAG), 37(1), 1-8.
• Hussain I, Sulatan A, Shinwari ZK, Raza G, Ahmed K, 2016. Genetic diversity based on morphological traits in walnut (Juglans regia) landraces from Karakoram Region-I. Pak. J. Bot, 48(2), 653-659.
• Ipek M, Arıkan Ş, Pırlak L, Eşitken A, 2019. Phenological, Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Some Promising Walnut (Juglans regia) Genotypes in Konya. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 61(2).
• Khadivi-Khub A, 2014. Genetic divergence in seedling trees of Persian walnut for morphological characters in Markazi province from Iran. Brazilian journal of Botany, 37(3), 273-281.
• Kavosi H, Khadivi A, 2021. The selection of superior late-leafing genotypes of Persian walnut (Juglans regia) among seedling originated trees based on pomological characterizations. Scientia Horticulturae, 288, 110299.
• McGranahan G, Leslie C, 1991. Walnuts (Juglans). Genetic Resources of Temperate Fruit and Nut Crops 290, 907-974.
• Orhan E, Eyduran SP, Poljuha D, Akin M, Weber T, Ercisli S, 2020. Genetic diversity detection of seed-propagated walnut germplasm from Eastern Anatolia using SSR markers. Folia horticulturae, 32(1), 37-46.
• Öztürk B, Öztürk A, 2019. Determination of fruit characteristics of some walnut genotypes grown in Ladik (Samsun/Turkey). 3. In International Conference Agriculture, Food, Veterinary and Pharmacy Science (ICAFOP) (April pp. 16-18).
• Poggetti L, Ermacora P, Cipriani G, Pavan F, Testolin R, 2017. Morphological and carpological variability of walnut germplasm (Juglans regia) collected in North-Eastern Italy and selection of superior genotypes. Scientia Horticulturae, 225, 615-619.
• Rezaei Z, Khadivi A, ValizadehKaji B, Abbasifar A, 2018. The selection of superior walnut (Juglans regia) genotypes as revealed by morphological characterization. Euphytica, 214, 1-14.
• Sharma OC, Sharma SD, 2001. Genetic divergence in seedling trees of Persian walnut (Juglans regia) for various metric nut and kernel characters in Himachal Pradesh. Scientia Horticulturae, 88(2), 163-171.
• Shah RA, Bakshi P, Sharma N, Jasrotia A, Itoo H, Gupta R, Singh A, 2021. Diversity assessment and selection of superior Persian walnut (Juglans regia) trees of seedling origin from North-Western Himalayan region. Resources, Environment and Sustainability, 3, 100015.
• Shah RA, Bakshi P, Jasrotia A, Itoo H, Padder BA, Gupta R, Dolkar D, 2023. Morphological to molecular markers: Plant genetic diversity studies in Walnut (Juglans regia) A Review. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 65(5), 1499-1511.
• Skender A, Kurtovic M, Drkenda P, Becirspahic D, Ebrahimi A, 2020. Phenotypic variability of autochthonous walnut (Juglans regia) genotypes innorthwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Foretry, 44(5), 517-525.
• Soveili S, Khadivi A, 2023. Selecting the superior late-leafing genotypes of Persian walnut (Juglans regia) using morphological and pomological evaluations. BMC Plant Biology, 23(1), 379.
• Sümbül A, Yildiz E, Nadeem MA, 2023. Elucidating the genetic variations among Turkish grape varieties using morphological and molecular markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 70(5), 1349-1361.
• Sütyemez M, Demir Mİ, Özcan A, Bükücü ŞB, 2019. Kahramanmaraş Afşin İlçesi ceviz (Juglans regia) popülasyonu içerisinde ümitvar genotiplerin belirlenmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 22, 92-98.
• Şen SM, 1986. Ceviz yetiştiriciliği. Eser Matbaası, s:229, Samsun.
• Şen SM, 2011. Ceviz yetiştiriciliği, besin değeri, folklorü. ÜÇM Yayıncılık.
• Uzun A, Coșkun ÖF, Yaman M, Pınar H, Paris K, 2017. Identification of genetic similarities among walnut (Juglans regia) genotypes selected from Central Anatolia Region of Turkey with SRAP markers.
• Ünver H, Sakar E, Sülüşoğlu M, 2023. Determination of morphological differences between Düzce province walnut genotypes. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(4), 952-959.
• Vahdati K, Arab MM, Sarikhani S, Sadat-Hosseini M, Leslie CA, Brown PJ, 2019. Advances in Persian walnut (Juglans regia) breeding strategies. Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops: Volume 4, 401-472.
• Varol E, Gülsoy E, Aslantaş R, 2020. Ümitvar ceviz (Juglans regia) genotiplerinin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma: Türkiye, Kars-Kağızman Yöresi. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(1), 17-22. Yaviç A, Çelik F, Kazankaya A, Doğan A, 2017. Çatak (Van) Ekolojisinde Yetiştirilen İlkbahar Geç Donlarından Zarar Görmeyen Ceviz (Juglans regia) Genotiplerinin Seleksiyonu. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2), 146-152.
• Yildiz E, Pinar H, Uzun A, Yaman M, Sumbul A, Ercisli S, 2021. Identification of genetic diversity among Juglans regia L. genotypes using molecular, morphological, and fatty acid data. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 68, 1425-1437.