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Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 253 - 263, 30.12.2025

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Barringer J. 1996. “Atalanta as Model: The Hunter and the Hunted.” Classical Antiquity 15/1, 48–96.
  • Blegen C. W. 1937. Prosymna. The Helladic Settlement Preceding the Argive Heraeum. Cambridge.
  • Boardman J. 1963. Island Gems. A Study of Greek Seals in the Geometric and Early Archaic Periods. London.
  • Bohen B. 1988. Kerameikos. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 13: Die geometrischen Pyxiden. New York & Berlin.
  • Breasted J. H. 1962. Ancient Records of Egypt. 5 cilt. (İlk basım 1905–1907). New York.
  • Cline E. H. & O’Connor D. 2003. “The Mystery of the Sea Peoples.” Eds. D. O’Connor & S. Quirke, Encounters with Ancient Egypt: Mysterious Lands. London, 108–138.
  • Dalley S. 1985. “Foreign Chariotry and Cavalry in the Armies of Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II.” Iraq 47, 31–48.
  • Demargne P. 1929. “À propos d'une représentation de centaure.” Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 53, 117–128. DOI: 10.3406/bch.1929.2901
  • Desborough V. R., Nicholls R. V. & Popham M. 1970. “A Euboean Centaur.” The Annual of the British School at Athens 65, 21–30.
  • Drews R. 1993. The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. Princeton.
  • Evans A. J. 1894. “Primitive Pictographs and a Pre-Phoenician Script from Crete and the Peloponnese.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 14, 270–372.
  • Fidan M. A. 2024. “Gerçekten Mitolojiye: Türk Kültüründe Antropomorfik Açıdan At ve Centaur.” Anadolu Mecmuası 3/8, 58–72.
  • Grach A. D. 1980. Ancient Nomads in Central Asia. Moscow.
  • Kan M. H. & Dündar E. 2005. “Madduwatta ve Zippasla Ülkesi.” Adalya VIII, 1–9.
  • Kelder J. M. 2012. “Horseback Riding and Cavalry in Mycenaean Greece.” Ancient West & East 11, 1–18.
  • Leonard A. 1994. An Index to the Late Bronze Age Aegean Pottery from Syria-Palestine. Jonsered.
  • Levine M. 2005. “Domestication and Early History of the Horse.” Eds. D. S. Mills & S. M. McDonnell, The Domestic Horse: The Evolution, Development and Management of its Behaviour. Cambridge, 5–22.
  • Littauer M. A. & Crouwel J. H. 1983. “Chariots in Late Bronze Age Greece.” Antiquity 57/221, 187–192. DOI: 10.1017/S0003598X00055605
  • Maspero G. 1896. “Struggle of the Nations: Egypt, Syria and Assyria.” Ed. A. Sayce. London, 461–470.
  • Moran W. L. 1992. The Amarna Letters. Maryland.
  • Muhly J. D., Maddin R., Stech T. & Özgen E. 1985. “Iron in Anatolia and the Nature of the Hittite Iron Industry.” Anatolian Studies 35, 67–84. DOI: 10.2307/3642872
  • Niemeier W. D. 1998. “The Mycenaeans in Western Anatolia and the Problem of the Origins of the Sea Peoples.” Ed. S. Gitin, Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE. Jerusalem.
  • Olsen S. L. 2006. “Early Horse Domestication on the Eurasian Steppe.” Eds. M. Zeder et al., Documenting Domestication. Berkeley, 245–270. DOI: 10.1525/9780520932425-020
  • Peczynski S. 2009. The Sea People and Their Migration. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Rutgers University.
  • Piggot S. 1992. Wagon, Chariot and Carriage. London.
  • Pittaro J. M. & Green A. 1933. Progressive Spanish. Washington D.C.
  • Renfrew C. 1987. Archaeology & Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Cambridge.
  • Renfrew C. 1998. “World of Minos: Minoan Contribution to Mycenaean Greek and the Linguistic Geography of the Bronze Age Aegean.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8, 239–264. DOI: 10.1017/S095977400001852
  • Savinov D. G. 1993. “To the Study of the Ethnic-Political History of the People of Southern Siberia during the Scythian Epoch.” Historical Ethnography, 128–135.
  • Scobie A. 1978. “The Origins of Centaurs.” Folklore 89/2, 142–147.
  • Shear I. M. 2002. “Mycenaean Centaurs in Ugarit.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies 122, 147–153.
  • Woudhuizen F. C. 2006. The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples. Rotterdam. (Online publication)
  • Zangger E. 1995. “Who Were the Sea Peoples?” Aramco World 46, 20–31.
  • Ünal A. 2003. Hititler Devrinde Anadolu II. İstanbul.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 253 - 263, 30.12.2025

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Barringer J. 1996. “Atalanta as Model: The Hunter and the Hunted.” Classical Antiquity 15/1, 48–96.
  • Blegen C. W. 1937. Prosymna. The Helladic Settlement Preceding the Argive Heraeum. Cambridge.
  • Boardman J. 1963. Island Gems. A Study of Greek Seals in the Geometric and Early Archaic Periods. London.
  • Bohen B. 1988. Kerameikos. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 13: Die geometrischen Pyxiden. New York & Berlin.
  • Breasted J. H. 1962. Ancient Records of Egypt. 5 cilt. (İlk basım 1905–1907). New York.
  • Cline E. H. & O’Connor D. 2003. “The Mystery of the Sea Peoples.” Eds. D. O’Connor & S. Quirke, Encounters with Ancient Egypt: Mysterious Lands. London, 108–138.
  • Dalley S. 1985. “Foreign Chariotry and Cavalry in the Armies of Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II.” Iraq 47, 31–48.
  • Demargne P. 1929. “À propos d'une représentation de centaure.” Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 53, 117–128. DOI: 10.3406/bch.1929.2901
  • Desborough V. R., Nicholls R. V. & Popham M. 1970. “A Euboean Centaur.” The Annual of the British School at Athens 65, 21–30.
  • Drews R. 1993. The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. Princeton.
  • Evans A. J. 1894. “Primitive Pictographs and a Pre-Phoenician Script from Crete and the Peloponnese.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 14, 270–372.
  • Fidan M. A. 2024. “Gerçekten Mitolojiye: Türk Kültüründe Antropomorfik Açıdan At ve Centaur.” Anadolu Mecmuası 3/8, 58–72.
  • Grach A. D. 1980. Ancient Nomads in Central Asia. Moscow.
  • Kan M. H. & Dündar E. 2005. “Madduwatta ve Zippasla Ülkesi.” Adalya VIII, 1–9.
  • Kelder J. M. 2012. “Horseback Riding and Cavalry in Mycenaean Greece.” Ancient West & East 11, 1–18.
  • Leonard A. 1994. An Index to the Late Bronze Age Aegean Pottery from Syria-Palestine. Jonsered.
  • Levine M. 2005. “Domestication and Early History of the Horse.” Eds. D. S. Mills & S. M. McDonnell, The Domestic Horse: The Evolution, Development and Management of its Behaviour. Cambridge, 5–22.
  • Littauer M. A. & Crouwel J. H. 1983. “Chariots in Late Bronze Age Greece.” Antiquity 57/221, 187–192. DOI: 10.1017/S0003598X00055605
  • Maspero G. 1896. “Struggle of the Nations: Egypt, Syria and Assyria.” Ed. A. Sayce. London, 461–470.
  • Moran W. L. 1992. The Amarna Letters. Maryland.
  • Muhly J. D., Maddin R., Stech T. & Özgen E. 1985. “Iron in Anatolia and the Nature of the Hittite Iron Industry.” Anatolian Studies 35, 67–84. DOI: 10.2307/3642872
  • Niemeier W. D. 1998. “The Mycenaeans in Western Anatolia and the Problem of the Origins of the Sea Peoples.” Ed. S. Gitin, Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE. Jerusalem.
  • Olsen S. L. 2006. “Early Horse Domestication on the Eurasian Steppe.” Eds. M. Zeder et al., Documenting Domestication. Berkeley, 245–270. DOI: 10.1525/9780520932425-020
  • Peczynski S. 2009. The Sea People and Their Migration. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Rutgers University.
  • Piggot S. 1992. Wagon, Chariot and Carriage. London.
  • Pittaro J. M. & Green A. 1933. Progressive Spanish. Washington D.C.
  • Renfrew C. 1987. Archaeology & Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Cambridge.
  • Renfrew C. 1998. “World of Minos: Minoan Contribution to Mycenaean Greek and the Linguistic Geography of the Bronze Age Aegean.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8, 239–264. DOI: 10.1017/S095977400001852
  • Savinov D. G. 1993. “To the Study of the Ethnic-Political History of the People of Southern Siberia during the Scythian Epoch.” Historical Ethnography, 128–135.
  • Scobie A. 1978. “The Origins of Centaurs.” Folklore 89/2, 142–147.
  • Shear I. M. 2002. “Mycenaean Centaurs in Ugarit.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies 122, 147–153.
  • Woudhuizen F. C. 2006. The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples. Rotterdam. (Online publication)
  • Zangger E. 1995. “Who Were the Sea Peoples?” Aramco World 46, 20–31.
  • Ünal A. 2003. Hititler Devrinde Anadolu II. İstanbul.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 253 - 263, 30.12.2025

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Barringer J. 1996. “Atalanta as Model: The Hunter and the Hunted.” Classical Antiquity 15/1, 48–96.
  • Blegen C. W. 1937. Prosymna. The Helladic Settlement Preceding the Argive Heraeum. Cambridge.
  • Boardman J. 1963. Island Gems. A Study of Greek Seals in the Geometric and Early Archaic Periods. London.
  • Bohen B. 1988. Kerameikos. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 13: Die geometrischen Pyxiden. New York & Berlin.
  • Breasted J. H. 1962. Ancient Records of Egypt. 5 cilt. (İlk basım 1905–1907). New York.
  • Cline E. H. & O’Connor D. 2003. “The Mystery of the Sea Peoples.” Eds. D. O’Connor & S. Quirke, Encounters with Ancient Egypt: Mysterious Lands. London, 108–138.
  • Dalley S. 1985. “Foreign Chariotry and Cavalry in the Armies of Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II.” Iraq 47, 31–48.
  • Demargne P. 1929. “À propos d'une représentation de centaure.” Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 53, 117–128. DOI: 10.3406/bch.1929.2901
  • Desborough V. R., Nicholls R. V. & Popham M. 1970. “A Euboean Centaur.” The Annual of the British School at Athens 65, 21–30.
  • Drews R. 1993. The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. Princeton.
  • Evans A. J. 1894. “Primitive Pictographs and a Pre-Phoenician Script from Crete and the Peloponnese.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 14, 270–372.
  • Fidan M. A. 2024. “Gerçekten Mitolojiye: Türk Kültüründe Antropomorfik Açıdan At ve Centaur.” Anadolu Mecmuası 3/8, 58–72.
  • Grach A. D. 1980. Ancient Nomads in Central Asia. Moscow.
  • Kan M. H. & Dündar E. 2005. “Madduwatta ve Zippasla Ülkesi.” Adalya VIII, 1–9.
  • Kelder J. M. 2012. “Horseback Riding and Cavalry in Mycenaean Greece.” Ancient West & East 11, 1–18.
  • Leonard A. 1994. An Index to the Late Bronze Age Aegean Pottery from Syria-Palestine. Jonsered.
  • Levine M. 2005. “Domestication and Early History of the Horse.” Eds. D. S. Mills & S. M. McDonnell, The Domestic Horse: The Evolution, Development and Management of its Behaviour. Cambridge, 5–22.
  • Littauer M. A. & Crouwel J. H. 1983. “Chariots in Late Bronze Age Greece.” Antiquity 57/221, 187–192. DOI: 10.1017/S0003598X00055605
  • Maspero G. 1896. “Struggle of the Nations: Egypt, Syria and Assyria.” Ed. A. Sayce. London, 461–470.
  • Moran W. L. 1992. The Amarna Letters. Maryland.
  • Muhly J. D., Maddin R., Stech T. & Özgen E. 1985. “Iron in Anatolia and the Nature of the Hittite Iron Industry.” Anatolian Studies 35, 67–84. DOI: 10.2307/3642872
  • Niemeier W. D. 1998. “The Mycenaeans in Western Anatolia and the Problem of the Origins of the Sea Peoples.” Ed. S. Gitin, Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE. Jerusalem.
  • Olsen S. L. 2006. “Early Horse Domestication on the Eurasian Steppe.” Eds. M. Zeder et al., Documenting Domestication. Berkeley, 245–270. DOI: 10.1525/9780520932425-020
  • Peczynski S. 2009. The Sea People and Their Migration. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Rutgers University.
  • Piggot S. 1992. Wagon, Chariot and Carriage. London.
  • Pittaro J. M. & Green A. 1933. Progressive Spanish. Washington D.C.
  • Renfrew C. 1987. Archaeology & Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Cambridge.
  • Renfrew C. 1998. “World of Minos: Minoan Contribution to Mycenaean Greek and the Linguistic Geography of the Bronze Age Aegean.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8, 239–264. DOI: 10.1017/S095977400001852
  • Savinov D. G. 1993. “To the Study of the Ethnic-Political History of the People of Southern Siberia during the Scythian Epoch.” Historical Ethnography, 128–135.
  • Scobie A. 1978. “The Origins of Centaurs.” Folklore 89/2, 142–147.
  • Shear I. M. 2002. “Mycenaean Centaurs in Ugarit.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies 122, 147–153.
  • Woudhuizen F. C. 2006. The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples. Rotterdam. (Online publication)
  • Zangger E. 1995. “Who Were the Sea Peoples?” Aramco World 46, 20–31.
  • Ünal A. 2003. Hititler Devrinde Anadolu II. İstanbul.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 253 - 263, 30.12.2025

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Barringer J. 1996. “Atalanta as Model: The Hunter and the Hunted.” Classical Antiquity 15/1, 48–96.
  • Blegen C. W. 1937. Prosymna. The Helladic Settlement Preceding the Argive Heraeum. Cambridge.
  • Boardman J. 1963. Island Gems. A Study of Greek Seals in the Geometric and Early Archaic Periods. London.
  • Bohen B. 1988. Kerameikos. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 13: Die geometrischen Pyxiden. New York & Berlin.
  • Breasted J. H. 1962. Ancient Records of Egypt. 5 cilt. (İlk basım 1905–1907). New York.
  • Cline E. H. & O’Connor D. 2003. “The Mystery of the Sea Peoples.” Eds. D. O’Connor & S. Quirke, Encounters with Ancient Egypt: Mysterious Lands. London, 108–138.
  • Dalley S. 1985. “Foreign Chariotry and Cavalry in the Armies of Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II.” Iraq 47, 31–48.
  • Demargne P. 1929. “À propos d'une représentation de centaure.” Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 53, 117–128. DOI: 10.3406/bch.1929.2901
  • Desborough V. R., Nicholls R. V. & Popham M. 1970. “A Euboean Centaur.” The Annual of the British School at Athens 65, 21–30.
  • Drews R. 1993. The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. Princeton.
  • Evans A. J. 1894. “Primitive Pictographs and a Pre-Phoenician Script from Crete and the Peloponnese.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 14, 270–372.
  • Fidan M. A. 2024. “Gerçekten Mitolojiye: Türk Kültüründe Antropomorfik Açıdan At ve Centaur.” Anadolu Mecmuası 3/8, 58–72.
  • Grach A. D. 1980. Ancient Nomads in Central Asia. Moscow.
  • Kan M. H. & Dündar E. 2005. “Madduwatta ve Zippasla Ülkesi.” Adalya VIII, 1–9.
  • Kelder J. M. 2012. “Horseback Riding and Cavalry in Mycenaean Greece.” Ancient West & East 11, 1–18.
  • Leonard A. 1994. An Index to the Late Bronze Age Aegean Pottery from Syria-Palestine. Jonsered.
  • Levine M. 2005. “Domestication and Early History of the Horse.” Eds. D. S. Mills & S. M. McDonnell, The Domestic Horse: The Evolution, Development and Management of its Behaviour. Cambridge, 5–22.
  • Littauer M. A. & Crouwel J. H. 1983. “Chariots in Late Bronze Age Greece.” Antiquity 57/221, 187–192. DOI: 10.1017/S0003598X00055605
  • Maspero G. 1896. “Struggle of the Nations: Egypt, Syria and Assyria.” Ed. A. Sayce. London, 461–470.
  • Moran W. L. 1992. The Amarna Letters. Maryland.
  • Muhly J. D., Maddin R., Stech T. & Özgen E. 1985. “Iron in Anatolia and the Nature of the Hittite Iron Industry.” Anatolian Studies 35, 67–84. DOI: 10.2307/3642872
  • Niemeier W. D. 1998. “The Mycenaeans in Western Anatolia and the Problem of the Origins of the Sea Peoples.” Ed. S. Gitin, Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE. Jerusalem.
  • Olsen S. L. 2006. “Early Horse Domestication on the Eurasian Steppe.” Eds. M. Zeder et al., Documenting Domestication. Berkeley, 245–270. DOI: 10.1525/9780520932425-020
  • Peczynski S. 2009. The Sea People and Their Migration. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Rutgers University.
  • Piggot S. 1992. Wagon, Chariot and Carriage. London.
  • Pittaro J. M. & Green A. 1933. Progressive Spanish. Washington D.C.
  • Renfrew C. 1987. Archaeology & Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Cambridge.
  • Renfrew C. 1998. “World of Minos: Minoan Contribution to Mycenaean Greek and the Linguistic Geography of the Bronze Age Aegean.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8, 239–264. DOI: 10.1017/S095977400001852
  • Savinov D. G. 1993. “To the Study of the Ethnic-Political History of the People of Southern Siberia during the Scythian Epoch.” Historical Ethnography, 128–135.
  • Scobie A. 1978. “The Origins of Centaurs.” Folklore 89/2, 142–147.
  • Shear I. M. 2002. “Mycenaean Centaurs in Ugarit.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies 122, 147–153.
  • Woudhuizen F. C. 2006. The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples. Rotterdam. (Online publication)
  • Zangger E. 1995. “Who Were the Sea Peoples?” Aramco World 46, 20–31.
  • Ünal A. 2003. Hititler Devrinde Anadolu II. İstanbul.

Kentaurlar ve Süvariler: Deniz Kavimleri Akdeniz’de Savaş Sanatını Nasıl Şekillendirdi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 253 - 263, 30.12.2025

Öz

Tunç Çağı Sonu Çöküşü ve Deniz Kavimlerinin İstilası, hem arkeoloji hem de antik tarih disiplinlerinin en çok tartışılan konularından biridir. Bu olguya dair pek çok hipotez ve görüş ileri sürülmüş; bunların çoğu, sözde barbarların, Akdeniz ve Yakın Doğu’nun güçlü ve iyi örgütlenmiş devletlerini nasıl mağlup edebildiğini sorgulamıştır.

Başlangıçta bu başarının temel nedeni olarak demir teknolojisinin kullanımı öne sürülmüştür. Ancak açıkça görülmektedir ki, geç Tunç Çağı kültürleri, istila öncesinde demiri zaten kullanmaktaydı. Hatta bir Hitit kralının “Demir Tahtın Adamı” olarak anıldığı bilinmekte; ayrıca Hititler ile Mısır arasında gerçekleşen demir ticaretine dair mektuplar da günümüze ulaşmıştır. Bu tür bulgular olmasa dahi, söz konusu barbarların teknik açıdan Akdeniz medeniyetlerinden daha gelişmiş olduğunu varsaymak mantıksız olurdu.

Drews (1993), birkaç on yıl önce, çöküşün tek bir nedene indirgenemeyeceğini savunan yeni bir hipotez ortaya koymuştur ve bu yaklaşımı büyük ölçüde haklı bulunmuştur. Drews’un açıklamaları arasında depremler, kitlesel göçler, demir işçiliği, kuraklık, sistemsel çöküş ve akıncı faaliyetleri gibi birden fazla etken yer almaktadır (Drews 1993). Onun istilacıların askerî başarısına dair getirdiği açıklama ise, bu grupların sayıca çokluğu karşısında, merkezi devletlerin son derece maliyetli savaş arabası birliklerinin etkisiz kalmış olmasıdır.

Bu makalenin temel hipotezi, Deniz Kavimlerinin İstilası ile Akdeniz dünyasında kentaur (yarı insan yarı at) tasvirlerinin ortaya çıkışı arasında kurulabilecek yeni bir ilişkiye dayanmaktadır. Bu ilişkinin, bölgede orduların yapısında köklü bir dönüşüm yaratarak süvari birliğinin sahneye çıkmasına öncülük ettiği öne sürülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Barringer J. 1996. “Atalanta as Model: The Hunter and the Hunted.” Classical Antiquity 15/1, 48–96.
  • Blegen C. W. 1937. Prosymna. The Helladic Settlement Preceding the Argive Heraeum. Cambridge.
  • Boardman J. 1963. Island Gems. A Study of Greek Seals in the Geometric and Early Archaic Periods. London.
  • Bohen B. 1988. Kerameikos. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 13: Die geometrischen Pyxiden. New York & Berlin.
  • Breasted J. H. 1962. Ancient Records of Egypt. 5 cilt. (İlk basım 1905–1907). New York.
  • Cline E. H. & O’Connor D. 2003. “The Mystery of the Sea Peoples.” Eds. D. O’Connor & S. Quirke, Encounters with Ancient Egypt: Mysterious Lands. London, 108–138.
  • Dalley S. 1985. “Foreign Chariotry and Cavalry in the Armies of Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II.” Iraq 47, 31–48.
  • Demargne P. 1929. “À propos d'une représentation de centaure.” Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 53, 117–128. DOI: 10.3406/bch.1929.2901
  • Desborough V. R., Nicholls R. V. & Popham M. 1970. “A Euboean Centaur.” The Annual of the British School at Athens 65, 21–30.
  • Drews R. 1993. The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. Princeton.
  • Evans A. J. 1894. “Primitive Pictographs and a Pre-Phoenician Script from Crete and the Peloponnese.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 14, 270–372.
  • Fidan M. A. 2024. “Gerçekten Mitolojiye: Türk Kültüründe Antropomorfik Açıdan At ve Centaur.” Anadolu Mecmuası 3/8, 58–72.
  • Grach A. D. 1980. Ancient Nomads in Central Asia. Moscow.
  • Kan M. H. & Dündar E. 2005. “Madduwatta ve Zippasla Ülkesi.” Adalya VIII, 1–9.
  • Kelder J. M. 2012. “Horseback Riding and Cavalry in Mycenaean Greece.” Ancient West & East 11, 1–18.
  • Leonard A. 1994. An Index to the Late Bronze Age Aegean Pottery from Syria-Palestine. Jonsered.
  • Levine M. 2005. “Domestication and Early History of the Horse.” Eds. D. S. Mills & S. M. McDonnell, The Domestic Horse: The Evolution, Development and Management of its Behaviour. Cambridge, 5–22.
  • Littauer M. A. & Crouwel J. H. 1983. “Chariots in Late Bronze Age Greece.” Antiquity 57/221, 187–192. DOI: 10.1017/S0003598X00055605
  • Maspero G. 1896. “Struggle of the Nations: Egypt, Syria and Assyria.” Ed. A. Sayce. London, 461–470.
  • Moran W. L. 1992. The Amarna Letters. Maryland.
  • Muhly J. D., Maddin R., Stech T. & Özgen E. 1985. “Iron in Anatolia and the Nature of the Hittite Iron Industry.” Anatolian Studies 35, 67–84. DOI: 10.2307/3642872
  • Niemeier W. D. 1998. “The Mycenaeans in Western Anatolia and the Problem of the Origins of the Sea Peoples.” Ed. S. Gitin, Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE. Jerusalem.
  • Olsen S. L. 2006. “Early Horse Domestication on the Eurasian Steppe.” Eds. M. Zeder et al., Documenting Domestication. Berkeley, 245–270. DOI: 10.1525/9780520932425-020
  • Peczynski S. 2009. The Sea People and Their Migration. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Rutgers University.
  • Piggot S. 1992. Wagon, Chariot and Carriage. London.
  • Pittaro J. M. & Green A. 1933. Progressive Spanish. Washington D.C.
  • Renfrew C. 1987. Archaeology & Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Cambridge.
  • Renfrew C. 1998. “World of Minos: Minoan Contribution to Mycenaean Greek and the Linguistic Geography of the Bronze Age Aegean.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8, 239–264. DOI: 10.1017/S095977400001852
  • Savinov D. G. 1993. “To the Study of the Ethnic-Political History of the People of Southern Siberia during the Scythian Epoch.” Historical Ethnography, 128–135.
  • Scobie A. 1978. “The Origins of Centaurs.” Folklore 89/2, 142–147.
  • Shear I. M. 2002. “Mycenaean Centaurs in Ugarit.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies 122, 147–153.
  • Woudhuizen F. C. 2006. The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples. Rotterdam. (Online publication)
  • Zangger E. 1995. “Who Were the Sea Peoples?” Aramco World 46, 20–31.
  • Ünal A. 2003. Hititler Devrinde Anadolu II. İstanbul.

Centaurs and Cavalry: How the Sea Peoples Shaped Mediterranean Warfare

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 253 - 263, 30.12.2025

Öz

The LBA Collapse and the Invasion of Sea People is one of the most popular topics of both archaeology and ancient history. There have been numerous hypothesis and arguments on the subject, most of them questioning the success of so-called barbarians to defeat strong and well-organized states of Mediterranean and near-east.

It was at first believed that the main variable to be the use of iron. But obviously the LBA cultures were using iron well before the invasion and even the Hittite King was referred as the “Man on the Iron Throne” and the letters discuss the iron trade between Hittite and Egypt is also known. Even prior to this evidence, it was absurd to imagine that so-called barbarians to be technically more advanced that the Mediterranean Cultures.

Drews (1993) came up with a new hypothesis few decades ago, to suggest that the collapse cannot be explained with only one reason; and he was obviously right on that. His various explanations were earthquakes, migrations, again iron crafting, drought, system collapse and raiders (Drews 1993). And his explanation on the military success of the invaders was the mass numbers of troops against the highly expensive chariot armies of the organized states.

The hypothesis of this paper depends on a new corelation between appearance of centaur depictions in Mediterranean and the Invasion of Sea People leading to the introduction of a new unit in the armies of the region: the cavalry.

Kaynakça

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Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Arkeoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

M. Hamdi Kan 0000-0001-7947-7140

Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 10 Ekim 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kan, M. H. (2025). Centaurs and Cavalry: How the Sea Peoples Shaped Mediterranean Warfare. Akdeniz İnsani Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 253-263. https://doi.org/10.13114/mjh.1759133

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Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi

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Akdeniz İnsani Bilimler Dergisi (MJH), Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi 07058 Kampüs, Konyaaltı, Antalya Türkiye

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E-ISSN: 2148-144X

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