BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Antidepressants and akatishia

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 4, 162 - 70, 01.04.2013

Yakup Albayrak Murat Kuloğlu

https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20130918125932

Öz

Common adverse effects associated with antidepressants such as headache, nause or vomitting, sedation, insomnia and sexual dysfunction are well known; however our knowledge about the relationship between antidepressants and akathisia is limited. Akathisia is a severe side effect and it is commonly considered as a side effect of conventional antipsychotics. Recognizing akathisia is very important in terms of preventing possible suicide attempts. In this article, we aimed to present general information about akathisia and to review its relationship with antidepressant treatment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

antidepressants akathisia treatment

Kaynakça

  • Riley DE, Lang AE. Movement disorders. Neurology in Clinical Practice. Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996;4:122-32.
  • Sachdew P. The epidemiology of drug induced akathisia: Part I, Acute Akathisia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1995;3:431-9.
  • Owens DGC. Akathisia. In: A Guide to the Extrapyramidal SideEffects of Antipsychotic Drugs. New York, N Y: Cambridge University Press. 1999; p:130-62.
  • Mohr P, Volavka J. Ladislav Haskovec and akathisia: 100th anniversary. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;181:537-9.
  • Sachdev P. The development of the concept of akathisia: a historical overview.. Schizophr Res. 1995;16:33-45.
  • Steck H. Extrapyramidal and diencephalic syndrome in the course of largactil and serpasil treatments. Ann Med Psychol (Paris). 1954;112:737-44.
  • Lipinski JF Jr, Mallya G, Zimmerman P, Pope HG Jr. Fluoxetineinduced akathisia: clinical and theoretical implications. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989;50:339-42.
  • Kurzthaler I, Hotter A, Miller C, Kemmler G, Halder W, Rhomberg HP, Fleischhacker W. Risk profile of SSrIs in elderly depressive patients with co-morbid physical illness. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001;34:114-8.
  • Leo RJ. Movement disorders associated with the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:449-54.
  • Shihabuddin L, Rapport D. Sertraline and extrapyramidal side effects. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:288.
  • Kölling P, Jansen Steur EN, de Burlet HM. Extrapyramidal disorders following sertraline use; experiences with a new selective antidepressant. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1996;140:1467-8.
  • Lambert MT, Trutia C, Petty F. Extrapyramidal adverse effects associated with sertraline. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1998;22:741-8.
  • Leo RJ. Movement disorders associated with the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:449-54.
  • Gill HS, DeVane CL, Risch SC. Extrapyramidal symptoms associated with cyclic antidepressant treatment: A review of the literature and consolidating hypotheses. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;17:377-89.
  • Spisget O. Adverse reactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: reports from a spontaneous reporting system. Drug Saf. 1999;20:277-87.
  • Schillevoort I, van Puijenbroek EP, de Boer A, Roos RA, Jansen PA, Leufkens HG. Extrapyramidal syndromes associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a case-control study using spontaneous reports. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;17:75-9.
  • Madhusoodanan S, Alexeenko L, Sanders R, Brenner R. Extrapyramidal symptoms associated with antidepressants--a review of the literature and an analysis of spontaneous reports. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2010;22:148-56.
  • Sachdev P. Clinical characteristics of tardiv and chronic akathisis. In: Akathisia and Restless Leg. New York, NY: Cambridge University Pres. 1995;152-80.
  • Vandel P, Bonin B, Leveque E, Sechter D, Bizouard P. Tricyclic antidepressant-induced extrapyramidal side effects. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1997;7:207-12.
  • Darcourt G, Fadeuilhe A, Lavagna J, Cazac A. Three cases of action myoclonus during treatment with imipramine and amitriptyline. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1970;122:141-2.
  • Lippman S, Moskovitz R, O’Tuama L. Tricyclic-induced myoclonus. Am J Psychiatry.1977;134:90-1.
  • Lippman S, Tucker D, Wagemar H and Schulte T. A Second report of Tricyclic-induced myoclonus. Am J Psychiatry. 1977;134:585-6.
  • Krishnan KR, France RD, Ellinwood EH Jr. Tricyclic-induced akathisia in patients taking conjugated estrogens. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141:696-7.
  • Koller WC, Musa MN. Amitriptyline-induced abnormal movements. Neurology. 1985;35:1086.
  • Garvey MJ, Tollefson GD. Occurrence of myoclonus in patients treated with cyclic antidepressants. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:269-72.
  • Zubenko GS, Cohen BM, Lipinski JF Jr. Antidepressant-related akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1987;7:254-7.
  • Masand P. Desipramine-induced oral-pharyngeal disturbances: stuttering and jaw myoclonus. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1992;12:444-5.
  • Ng J, Sansone RA, McDonald S. Akathisia and abnormal movements of the upper extremities with venlafaxine and methimazole. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009;31:388-90
  • George M, Campbell JJ 3RD. Venlafaxine causing akathisia: a case report. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;24:3-4.
  • Lai CH. Venlafaxine-related akathisia side-effects and management in a depressed patient.Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;67:127-8.
  • Poyurovsky M, Pashinian A, Weizman R, Fuchs C, Weizman A. Lowdose mirtazapine: a new option in the treatment of antipsychoticinduced akathisia. A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and propranolol-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:1071-7.
  • Gulsun M, Doruk A. Mirtazapine-induced akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28:467.
  • Girishchandra BG, Johnson L, Cresp RM, Orr KG. Mirtazapineinduced akathisia. Med J Aust. 2002 ;176:242.
  • Imboden C, Hatzinger M. Agomelatine-induced akathisia with concomitant duloxetine medication: a case report. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2012;45:162-3.
  • Olivera AA. A case of paroxetine-induced akathisia. Biol Psychiatry. 1996 15;39:910.
  • Akagi H, Kumar TM. Lesson of the week: Akathisia: overlooked at a cost. BMJ. 2002;22:1506-7.
  • Hamilton MS, Opler LA. Akathisia, suicidality, and fluoxetine. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992;53:401-6.
  • Hansen L, Wilkinson DG. Drug induced akathisia, suicidal ideation and its treatment in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16:231-3.
  • Settle EC Jr. Akathisia and sertraline. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993;54:321.
  • American Psychiatric Assosiation. Other conditions that may be a focus clinical attention. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4 th ed., text revision. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Assosiation; 2000:735:800-2.
  • Lane RM. SSRI-induced extrapyramidal side-effects and akathisia: implications for treatment. J Psychopharmacol. 1998;12:192-214.
  • Barnes TR. A rating scale for drug-induced akathisia. Br J Psychiatry. 1989;154:672-6.
  • Koliscak LP, Makela EH. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitorinduced akathisia. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2009;49:28-36.
  • Van Putten T, Marder SR. Behavioral toxicity of antipsychotic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987;48:13-9.
  • Hirose S. The causes of underdiagnosing akathisia. Schizophr Bull. 2003;29:547-58.
  • Prisco S, Pagannone S, Esposito E. Serotonin-dopamine interaction in the rat ventral tegmental area: an electrophysiological study in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994;271:83-90.
  • Sachdev P. Serotonin and drug-induced movement disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1994;28:328-30.
  • Sachdev PS, Brüne M. Animal models of acute drug-induced akathisia - a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2000;24:269-77.
  • Gold Standart, Inc. Fluoxetine: clinical pharmacology. Accessed at www.clinicalpharmacology.com, February 1, 2009.
  • Gold Standart, Inc. Paroxetine: clinical pharmacology. Accessed at www.clinicalpharmacology.com, February 1, 2009.
  • Gold Standart, Inc. Risperidone: clinical pharmacology. Accessed at www.clinicalpharmacology.com, February 1, 2009.
  • Gold Standart, Inc. Haloperidol: clinical pharmacology. Accessed at www.clinicalpharmacology.com, February 1, 2009
  • Chong SA, Tan CH. Fluvoxamine and akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16:334-5.
  • Shihabuddin L, Rapport D. Sertraline and extrapyramidal side effects. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:288.
  • Poyurovsky M, Meerovich I, Weizman A. Beneficial effect of lowdose mianserin on fluvoxamine-induced akathisia in an obsessivecompulsive patient. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995;10:111-4.
  • Bauer M, Hellweg R, Baumgartner A. Fluoxetine-induced akathisia does not reappear after switch to paroxetine. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:593-4.
  • Gerber PE, Lynd LD. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitorinduced movement disorders. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32:692-8
  • Seedat S, Lockhat R, Kaminer D, Zungu-Dirwayi N, Stein DJ. An open trial of citalopram in adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;16:21-5.
  • Albayrak Y, Karakaş Uğurlu G, Ekinci O, Çayköylü A. EscitalopramInduced Severe Akathisia: A Case Report. The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders. 2010;12:6.
  • Hensley PL, Reeve A. A case of antidepressant-induced akathisia in a patient with traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2001;16:302-8.
  • Caley CF. Extrapyramidal reactions and the selective serotoninreuptake inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother. 1997;31:1481-9.
  • Krishnan KR, France RD, Ellinwood EH Jr. Tricyclic-induced akathisia in patients taking conjugated estrogens. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141:696-7.
  • Walker L. Sertraline-induced akathisia and dystonia misinterpreted as a panic attack. Psychiatr Serv. 2002 ;53:1477-8.
  • Stubbs JH, Halstead SM. Pseudoakathisia: a review and two case reports. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41:70-2.
  • Munetz MR, Cornes CL. Distinguishing akathisia and tardive dyskinesia: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1983;3:343-50.
  • Stahl SM. Akathisia and tardive dyskinesia. Changing concepts. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985;42:915-7.
  • Sachdev P. Clinical characteristics of tardiv and chronic akathisis. In: Akathisia and Restless Leg. New York, NY: Cambridge University Pres, 1995;152-180.
  • Steck H. Extrapyramidal and diencephalic syndrome in the course of largactil and serpasil treatments. Ann Med Psychol (Paris). 1954;112, 2:737-44.
  • Fleischhacker WW, Roth SD, Kane JM. The pharmacologic treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990;10:378.
  • Lima AR, Bacalcthuk J, Barnes TR, Soares-Weiser K. Central action beta-blockers versus placebo for neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 18;(4):CD001946.
  • Altshuler LL, Pierre JM, Wirshing WC, Ames D. Sertraline and akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;14:278-9.
  • Adler LA, Angrist BM. Paroxetine and akathisia. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;37:336-7.
  • Schaller JL, Rawlings DB. Escitalopram in adolescent major depression. MedGenMed. 2005;31:1:6.

Antidepresanlar ve akatizi

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 4, 162 - 70, 01.04.2013

Yakup Albayrak Murat Kuloğlu

https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20130918125932

Öz

Antidepresanlarla ilişkilendirilen başağrısı, bulantı veya kusma, ajitasyon, sedasyon, uykusuzluk ve cinsel işlev bozukluğu gibi yan etkiler iyi bilinmesine karşın antidepresanlar ve akatizi arasındaki ilişkiye dair bilgilerimiz sınırlıdır. Akatizi ciddi bir yan etkidir ve genellikle tipik antipsikotiklerin yan etkisi olarak kabul edilir. Akatiziyi fark etmek olası intihar girişimlerini önlemek açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu yazıda akatizi hakkında genel bilgi vermeyi ve antidepresan tedaviyle olan ilişkisini gözden geçirmeyi amaçladık.

Anahtar Kelimeler

antidepresanlar akatizi tedavi

Kaynakça

  • Riley DE, Lang AE. Movement disorders. Neurology in Clinical Practice. Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996;4:122-32.
  • Sachdew P. The epidemiology of drug induced akathisia: Part I, Acute Akathisia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1995;3:431-9.
  • Owens DGC. Akathisia. In: A Guide to the Extrapyramidal SideEffects of Antipsychotic Drugs. New York, N Y: Cambridge University Press. 1999; p:130-62.
  • Mohr P, Volavka J. Ladislav Haskovec and akathisia: 100th anniversary. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;181:537-9.
  • Sachdev P. The development of the concept of akathisia: a historical overview.. Schizophr Res. 1995;16:33-45.
  • Steck H. Extrapyramidal and diencephalic syndrome in the course of largactil and serpasil treatments. Ann Med Psychol (Paris). 1954;112:737-44.
  • Lipinski JF Jr, Mallya G, Zimmerman P, Pope HG Jr. Fluoxetineinduced akathisia: clinical and theoretical implications. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989;50:339-42.
  • Kurzthaler I, Hotter A, Miller C, Kemmler G, Halder W, Rhomberg HP, Fleischhacker W. Risk profile of SSrIs in elderly depressive patients with co-morbid physical illness. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001;34:114-8.
  • Leo RJ. Movement disorders associated with the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:449-54.
  • Shihabuddin L, Rapport D. Sertraline and extrapyramidal side effects. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:288.
  • Kölling P, Jansen Steur EN, de Burlet HM. Extrapyramidal disorders following sertraline use; experiences with a new selective antidepressant. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1996;140:1467-8.
  • Lambert MT, Trutia C, Petty F. Extrapyramidal adverse effects associated with sertraline. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1998;22:741-8.
  • Leo RJ. Movement disorders associated with the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:449-54.
  • Gill HS, DeVane CL, Risch SC. Extrapyramidal symptoms associated with cyclic antidepressant treatment: A review of the literature and consolidating hypotheses. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;17:377-89.
  • Spisget O. Adverse reactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: reports from a spontaneous reporting system. Drug Saf. 1999;20:277-87.
  • Schillevoort I, van Puijenbroek EP, de Boer A, Roos RA, Jansen PA, Leufkens HG. Extrapyramidal syndromes associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a case-control study using spontaneous reports. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;17:75-9.
  • Madhusoodanan S, Alexeenko L, Sanders R, Brenner R. Extrapyramidal symptoms associated with antidepressants--a review of the literature and an analysis of spontaneous reports. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2010;22:148-56.
  • Sachdev P. Clinical characteristics of tardiv and chronic akathisis. In: Akathisia and Restless Leg. New York, NY: Cambridge University Pres. 1995;152-80.
  • Vandel P, Bonin B, Leveque E, Sechter D, Bizouard P. Tricyclic antidepressant-induced extrapyramidal side effects. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1997;7:207-12.
  • Darcourt G, Fadeuilhe A, Lavagna J, Cazac A. Three cases of action myoclonus during treatment with imipramine and amitriptyline. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1970;122:141-2.
  • Lippman S, Moskovitz R, O’Tuama L. Tricyclic-induced myoclonus. Am J Psychiatry.1977;134:90-1.
  • Lippman S, Tucker D, Wagemar H and Schulte T. A Second report of Tricyclic-induced myoclonus. Am J Psychiatry. 1977;134:585-6.
  • Krishnan KR, France RD, Ellinwood EH Jr. Tricyclic-induced akathisia in patients taking conjugated estrogens. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141:696-7.
  • Koller WC, Musa MN. Amitriptyline-induced abnormal movements. Neurology. 1985;35:1086.
  • Garvey MJ, Tollefson GD. Occurrence of myoclonus in patients treated with cyclic antidepressants. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:269-72.
  • Zubenko GS, Cohen BM, Lipinski JF Jr. Antidepressant-related akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1987;7:254-7.
  • Masand P. Desipramine-induced oral-pharyngeal disturbances: stuttering and jaw myoclonus. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1992;12:444-5.
  • Ng J, Sansone RA, McDonald S. Akathisia and abnormal movements of the upper extremities with venlafaxine and methimazole. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009;31:388-90
  • George M, Campbell JJ 3RD. Venlafaxine causing akathisia: a case report. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;24:3-4.
  • Lai CH. Venlafaxine-related akathisia side-effects and management in a depressed patient.Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;67:127-8.
  • Poyurovsky M, Pashinian A, Weizman R, Fuchs C, Weizman A. Lowdose mirtazapine: a new option in the treatment of antipsychoticinduced akathisia. A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and propranolol-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:1071-7.
  • Gulsun M, Doruk A. Mirtazapine-induced akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28:467.
  • Girishchandra BG, Johnson L, Cresp RM, Orr KG. Mirtazapineinduced akathisia. Med J Aust. 2002 ;176:242.
  • Imboden C, Hatzinger M. Agomelatine-induced akathisia with concomitant duloxetine medication: a case report. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2012;45:162-3.
  • Olivera AA. A case of paroxetine-induced akathisia. Biol Psychiatry. 1996 15;39:910.
  • Akagi H, Kumar TM. Lesson of the week: Akathisia: overlooked at a cost. BMJ. 2002;22:1506-7.
  • Hamilton MS, Opler LA. Akathisia, suicidality, and fluoxetine. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992;53:401-6.
  • Hansen L, Wilkinson DG. Drug induced akathisia, suicidal ideation and its treatment in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16:231-3.
  • Settle EC Jr. Akathisia and sertraline. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993;54:321.
  • American Psychiatric Assosiation. Other conditions that may be a focus clinical attention. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4 th ed., text revision. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Assosiation; 2000:735:800-2.
  • Lane RM. SSRI-induced extrapyramidal side-effects and akathisia: implications for treatment. J Psychopharmacol. 1998;12:192-214.
  • Barnes TR. A rating scale for drug-induced akathisia. Br J Psychiatry. 1989;154:672-6.
  • Koliscak LP, Makela EH. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitorinduced akathisia. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2009;49:28-36.
  • Van Putten T, Marder SR. Behavioral toxicity of antipsychotic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987;48:13-9.
  • Hirose S. The causes of underdiagnosing akathisia. Schizophr Bull. 2003;29:547-58.
  • Prisco S, Pagannone S, Esposito E. Serotonin-dopamine interaction in the rat ventral tegmental area: an electrophysiological study in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994;271:83-90.
  • Sachdev P. Serotonin and drug-induced movement disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1994;28:328-30.
  • Sachdev PS, Brüne M. Animal models of acute drug-induced akathisia - a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2000;24:269-77.
  • Gold Standart, Inc. Fluoxetine: clinical pharmacology. Accessed at www.clinicalpharmacology.com, February 1, 2009.
  • Gold Standart, Inc. Paroxetine: clinical pharmacology. Accessed at www.clinicalpharmacology.com, February 1, 2009.
  • Gold Standart, Inc. Risperidone: clinical pharmacology. Accessed at www.clinicalpharmacology.com, February 1, 2009.
  • Gold Standart, Inc. Haloperidol: clinical pharmacology. Accessed at www.clinicalpharmacology.com, February 1, 2009
  • Chong SA, Tan CH. Fluvoxamine and akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16:334-5.
  • Shihabuddin L, Rapport D. Sertraline and extrapyramidal side effects. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:288.
  • Poyurovsky M, Meerovich I, Weizman A. Beneficial effect of lowdose mianserin on fluvoxamine-induced akathisia in an obsessivecompulsive patient. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995;10:111-4.
  • Bauer M, Hellweg R, Baumgartner A. Fluoxetine-induced akathisia does not reappear after switch to paroxetine. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:593-4.
  • Gerber PE, Lynd LD. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitorinduced movement disorders. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32:692-8
  • Seedat S, Lockhat R, Kaminer D, Zungu-Dirwayi N, Stein DJ. An open trial of citalopram in adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;16:21-5.
  • Albayrak Y, Karakaş Uğurlu G, Ekinci O, Çayköylü A. EscitalopramInduced Severe Akathisia: A Case Report. The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders. 2010;12:6.
  • Hensley PL, Reeve A. A case of antidepressant-induced akathisia in a patient with traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2001;16:302-8.
  • Caley CF. Extrapyramidal reactions and the selective serotoninreuptake inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother. 1997;31:1481-9.
  • Krishnan KR, France RD, Ellinwood EH Jr. Tricyclic-induced akathisia in patients taking conjugated estrogens. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141:696-7.
  • Walker L. Sertraline-induced akathisia and dystonia misinterpreted as a panic attack. Psychiatr Serv. 2002 ;53:1477-8.
  • Stubbs JH, Halstead SM. Pseudoakathisia: a review and two case reports. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41:70-2.
  • Munetz MR, Cornes CL. Distinguishing akathisia and tardive dyskinesia: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1983;3:343-50.
  • Stahl SM. Akathisia and tardive dyskinesia. Changing concepts. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985;42:915-7.
  • Sachdev P. Clinical characteristics of tardiv and chronic akathisis. In: Akathisia and Restless Leg. New York, NY: Cambridge University Pres, 1995;152-180.
  • Steck H. Extrapyramidal and diencephalic syndrome in the course of largactil and serpasil treatments. Ann Med Psychol (Paris). 1954;112, 2:737-44.
  • Fleischhacker WW, Roth SD, Kane JM. The pharmacologic treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990;10:378.
  • Lima AR, Bacalcthuk J, Barnes TR, Soares-Weiser K. Central action beta-blockers versus placebo for neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 18;(4):CD001946.
  • Altshuler LL, Pierre JM, Wirshing WC, Ames D. Sertraline and akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;14:278-9.
  • Adler LA, Angrist BM. Paroxetine and akathisia. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;37:336-7.
  • Schaller JL, Rawlings DB. Escitalopram in adolescent major depression. MedGenMed. 2005;31:1:6.
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yakup Albayrak Bu kişi benim

Murat Kuloğlu Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Albayrak, Y., & Kuloğlu, M. (2013). Antidepresanlar ve akatizi. Journal of Mood Disorders, 3(4), 162-70. https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20130918125932
AMA Albayrak Y, Kuloğlu M. Antidepresanlar ve akatizi. Journal of Mood Disorders. Nisan 2013;3(4):162-70. doi:10.5455/jmood.20130918125932
Chicago Albayrak, Yakup, ve Murat Kuloğlu. “Antidepresanlar Ve Akatizi”. Journal of Mood Disorders 3, sy. 4 (Nisan 2013): 162-70. https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20130918125932.
EndNote Albayrak Y, Kuloğlu M (01 Nisan 2013) Antidepresanlar ve akatizi. Journal of Mood Disorders 3 4 162–70.
IEEE Y. Albayrak ve M. Kuloğlu, “Antidepresanlar ve akatizi”, Journal of Mood Disorders, c. 3, sy. 4, ss. 162–70, 2013, doi: 10.5455/jmood.20130918125932.
ISNAD Albayrak, Yakup - Kuloğlu, Murat. “Antidepresanlar Ve Akatizi”. Journal of Mood Disorders 3/4 (Nisan 2013), 162-70. https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20130918125932.
JAMA Albayrak Y, Kuloğlu M. Antidepresanlar ve akatizi. Journal of Mood Disorders. 2013;3:162–70.
MLA Albayrak, Yakup ve Murat Kuloğlu. “Antidepresanlar Ve Akatizi”. Journal of Mood Disorders, c. 3, sy. 4, 2013, ss. 162-70, doi:10.5455/jmood.20130918125932.
Vancouver Albayrak Y, Kuloğlu M. Antidepresanlar ve akatizi. Journal of Mood Disorders. 2013;3(4):162-70.