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Emotional eating

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 4, 171 - 8, 01.04.2013
https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20130926052526

Öz

Emotional eating is a concept which describes a tendency towards overeating in response to the negative emotions. Emotional eating was initially recognized along with bulimia that emotions taken as a factor which reinforces the over-eating of bulimic patients. Later on, it was found out that binge eating itself could also be related to emotional eating. Emotional eating is prevalant in people who have obesity, women with eating disorders, and people who have a regular weight but are on diet. The concept of emotional eating is becoming increasingly important, especially in the interventions for weight-loss management. Considering the issues such as eating disorders and weight changes in psychiatric disorders, diabetes and metabolic syndrome- no matter relation with the side effects of drugs, and psycho-social issues entangled with weight-loss management, makes it obvious that the concept of emotional eating demands more research.

Kaynakça

  • de Kloet AD, Pati D, Wang L, Hiller H, Sumners C, Frazier CJ, Seeley RJ, Herman JP, Woods SC, Krause EG. Angiotensin type 1a receptors in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus protect against diet-induced obesity. J Neurosci. 2013;33:4825-33.
  • Lux V, Kendler KS. Deconstructing major depression: a validation study of the DSM-IV symptomatic criteria. Psychol Med. 2010;40:1679-90.
  • Chesler BE. Emotional eating: a virtually untreated risk factor for outcome following bariatric surgery. Scientific World Journal. 2012;365961. doi: 10.1100/2012/365961.
  • Ganley RM. Emotion and eating in obesity: A review of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1989;8:8343– 3
  • Greeno CG, Wing RR. Stress-induced eating. Psychological Bulletin. 1994;115:444-64.
  • Schachter S, GoldmanR,Gordon A. Effects of fear, food deprivation, and obesity on eating. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1968;10: 91–7.
  • Heatherton TF, Herman CP, Polivy J. Effects of physical threat and ego threat on eating behavior. J PersSoc Psychol. 1991;60:138-43.
  • Ouwens MA, van Strien T, van der Staak CP. Tendency toward overeating and restraint as predictors of food consumption. Appetite. 2003;40:291-8.
  • Telch CF, Agras WS. The effects of short-term food deprivation on caloric intake in eating-disordered subjects. Appetite. 1996;26:221
  • Polivy J, Herman CP, McFarlane T. Effects of anxiety on eating: Does palatability moderate distress-induced overeating in dieters? Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1994;103:505-510.
  • Bekker MH, van de Meerendonk C, MollerusJ.Effects of negative mood induction and impulsivity on self-perceived emotional eating. Int J Eat Disord. 2004;36:461-469.
  • Taylor GJ, Parker JD, Bagby RM, Bourke MP. Relationships between alexithymia and psychological characteristics associated with eating disorders. J Psychosom Res. 1996;41:561-8.
  • Waller G, Matoba M. Emotional eating and eating psychopathology in nonclinical groups: a cross-cultural comparison of women in Japan and the United Kingdom. Int J Eat Disord. 1999;26:333-40.
  • Blair AJ, Lewis VJ, Booth DA. Does emotional eating interfere with success in attempts at weight control? Appetite. 1990;15:151-7.
  • McCrone S, Dennis K, Tomoyasu N, Carroll J. A profile of early versus late onset of obesity in postmenopausal women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2000;9:1007-13.
  • Carver CS, Scheier MF, Weintraub JK. Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. J PersSoc Psychol. 1989;56:267-83.
  • Henderson NJ, Huon GF. Negative affect and binge eating in overweight women. Br J Health Psychol. 2002;7:77-87.
  • Relations between negative affect, coping, and emotional eating. Spoor ST, Bekker MH, Van Strien T, van Heck GL. Appetite. 2007;48:368-76.
  • Mehrabian A. Basic Dimensions for a General Psychological Theory. Oelschlager, Gunn &Hain, Cambridge.1980.
  • Lyman B. The nutritional values and food group characteristics of food preferred during various emotions. Journal of Psychology. 1982;112; 121-7.
  • Patel KA, Schlundt DG. Impact of moods and social context on eating behavior. Appetite. 2001;36,:111-8.
  • Macht M. Characteristics of eating in anger, fear, sadness and joy. Appetite. 1999;33: 129-39.
  • Davis R, Freeman R, Solyom L. Mood and food: an analysis of bulimic episodes. J Psychiatr Res. 1985;19:331-5.
  • Oliver G, Wardle J, Gibson EL. Stress and food choice: a laboratory study. Psychosom Med. 2000;62:853-65.
  • Kelley AE, Schiltz CA. Accessories to addiction: G protein regulators play a key role in cocaine seeking and neuroplasticity. Neuron. 2004;42:181-83.
  • Canetti L, Bachar E, Berry EM. Food and emotion. Behav Processes. 2002;60:157-64.
  • SchachterS. Some extraordinary facts about obese humans and rats. Am Psychol. 1971;26:129-144.
  • RudermanAJ.Obesity, anxiety, and food consumption. Addict Behav. 1983;8:235-42.
  • Bruch H. Obesity in childhood and personality development. 19 Obes Res. 1997;5:157-161.
  • Schachter S. Obesity and eating. Internal and external cues differentially affect the eating behavior of obese and normal subjects. Science. 1968 23;161:751-6.
  • Herman CP, Mack D. Restrained and unrestrained eating. J Pers. 1975;43:647-60.
  • Herman CP,Polivy J. Restrained eating. In A. Stunkard (Ed.), Obesity (pp. 208-225). Philadelphia: Saunders. 1980.
  • Waller G, Osman S. Emotional eating and eating psychopathology among non-eating-disordered women. Int J Eat Disord. 1998;23:419-24.
  • Heatherton TF, Baumeister RF. Binge eating as escape from selfawareness. Psychol Bull. 1991;110:86-108.
  • Wallis DJ, Hetherington MM. Stress and eating: the effects of egothreat and cognitive demand on food intake in restrained and emotional eaters. Appetite. 2004;43:39-46.
  • Lindeman M, Stark K, KeskivaaraP.Continuum and linearity hypotheses on the relationship between psychopathology and eating disorder symptomatology. Eat Weight Disord. 2001;6:181-7.
  • Polivy J, Herman CP. Distress and eating: why do dieters overeat? Int J Eat Disord. 1999;26:153-64.
  • Abraham SF, BeumontPJ. How patients describe bulimia or binge eating. Psychol Med. 1982;12:625-35.
  • Arnow B, Kenardy J, Agras WS. Binge eating among the obese: a descriptive study. J Behav Med. 1992;15:155-170.
  • Stice E, Presnell K, Spangler D.Risk factors for binge eating onset in adolescent girls: a 2-year prospective investigation. Health Psychol. 2002;21:131-8.
  • Van Strien T, Engels RC, Van Leeuwe J, SnoekHM. The Stice model of overeating: tests in clinical and non-clinical samples. Appetite. 2005;45:205-13.
  • Wolff GE, Crosby RD, Roberts JA, Wittrock DA. Differences in daily stress, mood, coping, and eating behavior in binge eating and nonbinge eating college women. Addict Behav. 2000;25:205-16.
  • Birgegård A, Clinton D, Norring C. Diagnostic issues of binge eating in eating disorders. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2013;21:175-83.
  • Masheb RM, Grilo CM. Emotional overeating and its associations with eating disorder psychopathology among overweight patients with binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39:141-6.
  • Pyle RL, Mitchell JE, Eckert ED. Bulimia: a report of 34 cases. JClin Psychiatry. 1981;42:60-4.
  • Mitchell JE, Pyle RL, Eckert E, Hatsukami D, Soll E. Bulimia nervosa with and without a history of overweight. J Subst Abuse. 1990;2:369-74.
  • Nolan LJ, Geliebter A. Night eating is associated with emotional and external eating in college students. Eat Behav. 2012;13:202-6.
  • Braet C, Crombez G. Cognitive interference due to food cues in childhood obesity. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2003;32:32-9.
  • Christensen L. Effects of eating behavior on mood: a review of the literature.Int J Eat Disord. 1993;14:171-83.
  • Macht M, Haupt C, Ellgring H. The perceived function of eating is changed during examination stress: a field study. Eat Behav. 2005;6:109-12.
  • Macht M, Simons G. Emotions and eating in everyday life. Appetite. 2000;35:65-71.
  • Blair AJ, Lewis VJ, Booth DA. Influences on food choice and intake. Commentary from the 1st and 2nd food choice conferences. Prediction of success at weight loss from behaviour, attitudes, emotional eating and self-efficacy. Appetite. 1994;22:277-9.
  • Yanovski SZ, Nelson JE, Dubbert BK, Spitzer RL.Association of binge eating disorder and psychiatric comorbidity in obese subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1472-9.
  • Kaplan HI, Kaplan HS. The psychosomatic concept of obesity. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.1957; 125:181-201.
  • Apfeldorfer G, Zermati JP. Cognitive restraint in obesity. History of ideas, clinical description Presse Med. 2001;30:1575-80.
  • Bruch, H. (1973). Eating disorders. Obesity and anorexia nervosa. Riverside: Behavior Science Book Service.
  • Müller J, Dettmer D, MachtM.The Attitudes to Chocolate Questionnaire: psychometric properties and relationship to dimensions of eating. Appetite. 2008;50:499-505.
  • Kenardy J, Arnow B, AgrasWS.Theaversiveness of specific emotional states associated with binge-eating in obese subjects. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1996;30:839-44.
  • Bellisle F, Louis-Sylvestre J, Linet N, Rocaboy B, Dalle B, Cheneau F, L’Hinoret D, GuyotL.Anxiety and food intake in men. Psychosom Med. 1990;52:452-7.
  • Foreyt JP, Brunner RL, Goodrick GK, Cutter G, Brownell KD, St JeorST. Psychological correlates of weight fluctuation. Int J Eat Disord. 1995;17:263-75.
  • Geliebter A, Aversa A.Emotional eating in overweight, normal weight, and underweight individuals. Eat Behav. 2003;3:341-347.
  • Barrett LF.Solving the emotion paradox: categorization and the experience of emotion. PersSocPsychol Rev. 2006;10:20-46.
  • Schachter S, Singer JE. Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychol Rev. 1962;69:379-99.
  • De Chouly De Lenclave MB, Florequin C, Bailly D. Obesity, alexithymia, psychopathology and binge eating: a comparative. Encephale. 2001; 27:343-50.
  • Zeeck A, Stelzer N, Linster HW, Joos A, Hartmann A. Emotion and eating in binge eating disorder and obesity Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2011;19: 426–37.
  • Pinna F, Lai L, Pirarba S, Orrù W, Velluzzi F, Loviselli A, CarpinielloB. Obesity, alexithymia and psychopathology: a casecontrol study. Eat Weight Disord. 2011;16:164-170.
  • Da Ros A, Vinai P, Gentile N, Forza G, Cardetti S. Evaluation of alexithymia and depression in severe obese patients not affected by eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord. 2011;16:24-29. vanStrien T, Koenders PG. How do life style factors relate to general health and overweight? Appetite. 2012;58:265-70.
  • Annagür BB, Orhan FÖ, ÖzerA,Tamam L, Erhan C. Obezitede Dürtüsellik ve Emosyonel Faktörler: BirÖnÇalışma. NöropsikiyatriArşivi. 2012; 49:14-9.
  • Canetti L, Berry EM, Elizur Y. Psychosocial predictors of weight loss and psychological adjustment following bariatric surgery and a weight-loss program: the mediating role of emotional eating.Int J Eat Disord. 2009;42:109-17.
  • Walfish S. Self-assessed emotional factors contributing to increased weight gain in pre-surgical bariatric patients. Obes Surg. 2004;14:1402-5.
  • Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: two high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22.

Emosyonel yeme

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 4, 171 - 8, 01.04.2013
https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20130926052526

Öz

Emosyonel yeme olumsuz duygulara ikincil aşırı yeme eğilimini anlatan bir kavramdır. Emosyonel yeme ilk başlarda bulimik hastaların aşırı yemelerini destekleyen bir etmen olarak emosyonların yer aldığı bir tablo içinde bulimia ile birlikte anılmıştır. Sonrasında ise tıkınırcasına yeme ataklarının da emosyonel yeme ile ilişkili olabileceği gösterilmiştir. Olumsuz duygular karşısında gözlenen bu aşırı yeme tepkisi; obez bireylerde, yeme bozukluğu olan kadınlarda ve normal kilolu olup da diyet yapan kişilerde mevcut olduğu gösterilmiştir. Özellikle kilo verme girişimlerinde yeme davranışlarının düzenlenmesinde emosyonel yemenin önemi giderek artmaktadır. Psikiyatrik bozukluklarda gözlenen yeme ve kilo değişiklikleri, ilaç yan etkileri ile ilişkili ya da ilişkisisiz metabolik sendrom ve diabet, ve kilo verdirici tedavilerle iç içe geçen psikososyal konular da dikkate alındığında emosyonel yeme kavramının daha kapsamlı araştırılması gerekliliği aşikardır.

Kaynakça

  • de Kloet AD, Pati D, Wang L, Hiller H, Sumners C, Frazier CJ, Seeley RJ, Herman JP, Woods SC, Krause EG. Angiotensin type 1a receptors in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus protect against diet-induced obesity. J Neurosci. 2013;33:4825-33.
  • Lux V, Kendler KS. Deconstructing major depression: a validation study of the DSM-IV symptomatic criteria. Psychol Med. 2010;40:1679-90.
  • Chesler BE. Emotional eating: a virtually untreated risk factor for outcome following bariatric surgery. Scientific World Journal. 2012;365961. doi: 10.1100/2012/365961.
  • Ganley RM. Emotion and eating in obesity: A review of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1989;8:8343– 3
  • Greeno CG, Wing RR. Stress-induced eating. Psychological Bulletin. 1994;115:444-64.
  • Schachter S, GoldmanR,Gordon A. Effects of fear, food deprivation, and obesity on eating. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1968;10: 91–7.
  • Heatherton TF, Herman CP, Polivy J. Effects of physical threat and ego threat on eating behavior. J PersSoc Psychol. 1991;60:138-43.
  • Ouwens MA, van Strien T, van der Staak CP. Tendency toward overeating and restraint as predictors of food consumption. Appetite. 2003;40:291-8.
  • Telch CF, Agras WS. The effects of short-term food deprivation on caloric intake in eating-disordered subjects. Appetite. 1996;26:221
  • Polivy J, Herman CP, McFarlane T. Effects of anxiety on eating: Does palatability moderate distress-induced overeating in dieters? Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1994;103:505-510.
  • Bekker MH, van de Meerendonk C, MollerusJ.Effects of negative mood induction and impulsivity on self-perceived emotional eating. Int J Eat Disord. 2004;36:461-469.
  • Taylor GJ, Parker JD, Bagby RM, Bourke MP. Relationships between alexithymia and psychological characteristics associated with eating disorders. J Psychosom Res. 1996;41:561-8.
  • Waller G, Matoba M. Emotional eating and eating psychopathology in nonclinical groups: a cross-cultural comparison of women in Japan and the United Kingdom. Int J Eat Disord. 1999;26:333-40.
  • Blair AJ, Lewis VJ, Booth DA. Does emotional eating interfere with success in attempts at weight control? Appetite. 1990;15:151-7.
  • McCrone S, Dennis K, Tomoyasu N, Carroll J. A profile of early versus late onset of obesity in postmenopausal women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2000;9:1007-13.
  • Carver CS, Scheier MF, Weintraub JK. Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. J PersSoc Psychol. 1989;56:267-83.
  • Henderson NJ, Huon GF. Negative affect and binge eating in overweight women. Br J Health Psychol. 2002;7:77-87.
  • Relations between negative affect, coping, and emotional eating. Spoor ST, Bekker MH, Van Strien T, van Heck GL. Appetite. 2007;48:368-76.
  • Mehrabian A. Basic Dimensions for a General Psychological Theory. Oelschlager, Gunn &Hain, Cambridge.1980.
  • Lyman B. The nutritional values and food group characteristics of food preferred during various emotions. Journal of Psychology. 1982;112; 121-7.
  • Patel KA, Schlundt DG. Impact of moods and social context on eating behavior. Appetite. 2001;36,:111-8.
  • Macht M. Characteristics of eating in anger, fear, sadness and joy. Appetite. 1999;33: 129-39.
  • Davis R, Freeman R, Solyom L. Mood and food: an analysis of bulimic episodes. J Psychiatr Res. 1985;19:331-5.
  • Oliver G, Wardle J, Gibson EL. Stress and food choice: a laboratory study. Psychosom Med. 2000;62:853-65.
  • Kelley AE, Schiltz CA. Accessories to addiction: G protein regulators play a key role in cocaine seeking and neuroplasticity. Neuron. 2004;42:181-83.
  • Canetti L, Bachar E, Berry EM. Food and emotion. Behav Processes. 2002;60:157-64.
  • SchachterS. Some extraordinary facts about obese humans and rats. Am Psychol. 1971;26:129-144.
  • RudermanAJ.Obesity, anxiety, and food consumption. Addict Behav. 1983;8:235-42.
  • Bruch H. Obesity in childhood and personality development. 19 Obes Res. 1997;5:157-161.
  • Schachter S. Obesity and eating. Internal and external cues differentially affect the eating behavior of obese and normal subjects. Science. 1968 23;161:751-6.
  • Herman CP, Mack D. Restrained and unrestrained eating. J Pers. 1975;43:647-60.
  • Herman CP,Polivy J. Restrained eating. In A. Stunkard (Ed.), Obesity (pp. 208-225). Philadelphia: Saunders. 1980.
  • Waller G, Osman S. Emotional eating and eating psychopathology among non-eating-disordered women. Int J Eat Disord. 1998;23:419-24.
  • Heatherton TF, Baumeister RF. Binge eating as escape from selfawareness. Psychol Bull. 1991;110:86-108.
  • Wallis DJ, Hetherington MM. Stress and eating: the effects of egothreat and cognitive demand on food intake in restrained and emotional eaters. Appetite. 2004;43:39-46.
  • Lindeman M, Stark K, KeskivaaraP.Continuum and linearity hypotheses on the relationship between psychopathology and eating disorder symptomatology. Eat Weight Disord. 2001;6:181-7.
  • Polivy J, Herman CP. Distress and eating: why do dieters overeat? Int J Eat Disord. 1999;26:153-64.
  • Abraham SF, BeumontPJ. How patients describe bulimia or binge eating. Psychol Med. 1982;12:625-35.
  • Arnow B, Kenardy J, Agras WS. Binge eating among the obese: a descriptive study. J Behav Med. 1992;15:155-170.
  • Stice E, Presnell K, Spangler D.Risk factors for binge eating onset in adolescent girls: a 2-year prospective investigation. Health Psychol. 2002;21:131-8.
  • Van Strien T, Engels RC, Van Leeuwe J, SnoekHM. The Stice model of overeating: tests in clinical and non-clinical samples. Appetite. 2005;45:205-13.
  • Wolff GE, Crosby RD, Roberts JA, Wittrock DA. Differences in daily stress, mood, coping, and eating behavior in binge eating and nonbinge eating college women. Addict Behav. 2000;25:205-16.
  • Birgegård A, Clinton D, Norring C. Diagnostic issues of binge eating in eating disorders. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2013;21:175-83.
  • Masheb RM, Grilo CM. Emotional overeating and its associations with eating disorder psychopathology among overweight patients with binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39:141-6.
  • Pyle RL, Mitchell JE, Eckert ED. Bulimia: a report of 34 cases. JClin Psychiatry. 1981;42:60-4.
  • Mitchell JE, Pyle RL, Eckert E, Hatsukami D, Soll E. Bulimia nervosa with and without a history of overweight. J Subst Abuse. 1990;2:369-74.
  • Nolan LJ, Geliebter A. Night eating is associated with emotional and external eating in college students. Eat Behav. 2012;13:202-6.
  • Braet C, Crombez G. Cognitive interference due to food cues in childhood obesity. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2003;32:32-9.
  • Christensen L. Effects of eating behavior on mood: a review of the literature.Int J Eat Disord. 1993;14:171-83.
  • Macht M, Haupt C, Ellgring H. The perceived function of eating is changed during examination stress: a field study. Eat Behav. 2005;6:109-12.
  • Macht M, Simons G. Emotions and eating in everyday life. Appetite. 2000;35:65-71.
  • Blair AJ, Lewis VJ, Booth DA. Influences on food choice and intake. Commentary from the 1st and 2nd food choice conferences. Prediction of success at weight loss from behaviour, attitudes, emotional eating and self-efficacy. Appetite. 1994;22:277-9.
  • Yanovski SZ, Nelson JE, Dubbert BK, Spitzer RL.Association of binge eating disorder and psychiatric comorbidity in obese subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1472-9.
  • Kaplan HI, Kaplan HS. The psychosomatic concept of obesity. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.1957; 125:181-201.
  • Apfeldorfer G, Zermati JP. Cognitive restraint in obesity. History of ideas, clinical description Presse Med. 2001;30:1575-80.
  • Bruch, H. (1973). Eating disorders. Obesity and anorexia nervosa. Riverside: Behavior Science Book Service.
  • Müller J, Dettmer D, MachtM.The Attitudes to Chocolate Questionnaire: psychometric properties and relationship to dimensions of eating. Appetite. 2008;50:499-505.
  • Kenardy J, Arnow B, AgrasWS.Theaversiveness of specific emotional states associated with binge-eating in obese subjects. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1996;30:839-44.
  • Bellisle F, Louis-Sylvestre J, Linet N, Rocaboy B, Dalle B, Cheneau F, L’Hinoret D, GuyotL.Anxiety and food intake in men. Psychosom Med. 1990;52:452-7.
  • Foreyt JP, Brunner RL, Goodrick GK, Cutter G, Brownell KD, St JeorST. Psychological correlates of weight fluctuation. Int J Eat Disord. 1995;17:263-75.
  • Geliebter A, Aversa A.Emotional eating in overweight, normal weight, and underweight individuals. Eat Behav. 2003;3:341-347.
  • Barrett LF.Solving the emotion paradox: categorization and the experience of emotion. PersSocPsychol Rev. 2006;10:20-46.
  • Schachter S, Singer JE. Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychol Rev. 1962;69:379-99.
  • De Chouly De Lenclave MB, Florequin C, Bailly D. Obesity, alexithymia, psychopathology and binge eating: a comparative. Encephale. 2001; 27:343-50.
  • Zeeck A, Stelzer N, Linster HW, Joos A, Hartmann A. Emotion and eating in binge eating disorder and obesity Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2011;19: 426–37.
  • Pinna F, Lai L, Pirarba S, Orrù W, Velluzzi F, Loviselli A, CarpinielloB. Obesity, alexithymia and psychopathology: a casecontrol study. Eat Weight Disord. 2011;16:164-170.
  • Da Ros A, Vinai P, Gentile N, Forza G, Cardetti S. Evaluation of alexithymia and depression in severe obese patients not affected by eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord. 2011;16:24-29. vanStrien T, Koenders PG. How do life style factors relate to general health and overweight? Appetite. 2012;58:265-70.
  • Annagür BB, Orhan FÖ, ÖzerA,Tamam L, Erhan C. Obezitede Dürtüsellik ve Emosyonel Faktörler: BirÖnÇalışma. NöropsikiyatriArşivi. 2012; 49:14-9.
  • Canetti L, Berry EM, Elizur Y. Psychosocial predictors of weight loss and psychological adjustment following bariatric surgery and a weight-loss program: the mediating role of emotional eating.Int J Eat Disord. 2009;42:109-17.
  • Walfish S. Self-assessed emotional factors contributing to increased weight gain in pre-surgical bariatric patients. Obes Surg. 2004;14:1402-5.
  • Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: two high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22.
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Güzin Mukaddes Sevinçer Bu kişi benim

Numan Konuk Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Sevinçer, G. M., & Konuk, N. (2013). Emosyonel yeme. Journal of Mood Disorders, 3(4), 171-8. https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20130926052526
AMA Sevinçer GM, Konuk N. Emosyonel yeme. Journal of Mood Disorders. Nisan 2013;3(4):171-8. doi:10.5455/jmood.20130926052526
Chicago Sevinçer, Güzin Mukaddes, ve Numan Konuk. “Emosyonel Yeme”. Journal of Mood Disorders 3, sy. 4 (Nisan 2013): 171-8. https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20130926052526.
EndNote Sevinçer GM, Konuk N (01 Nisan 2013) Emosyonel yeme. Journal of Mood Disorders 3 4 171–8.
IEEE G. M. Sevinçer ve N. Konuk, “Emosyonel yeme”, Journal of Mood Disorders, c. 3, sy. 4, ss. 171–8, 2013, doi: 10.5455/jmood.20130926052526.
ISNAD Sevinçer, Güzin Mukaddes - Konuk, Numan. “Emosyonel Yeme”. Journal of Mood Disorders 3/4 (Nisan 2013), 171-8. https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20130926052526.
JAMA Sevinçer GM, Konuk N. Emosyonel yeme. Journal of Mood Disorders. 2013;3:171–8.
MLA Sevinçer, Güzin Mukaddes ve Numan Konuk. “Emosyonel Yeme”. Journal of Mood Disorders, c. 3, sy. 4, 2013, ss. 171-8, doi:10.5455/jmood.20130926052526.
Vancouver Sevinçer GM, Konuk N. Emosyonel yeme. Journal of Mood Disorders. 2013;3(4):171-8.