Rate of Tobacco Use and Its Effects On the Younger Generation in Turkey

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 35 - 38, 27.06.2020

Abdul-ghaffar Donkor , Nimetcan Mehmet

Öz

Objectives: The study aims to assess the rate of tobacco use and its effects on the younger generation in Turkey through a systematic review.
Method: A systematic review was conducted on the rate of tobacco use in Turkey and its effects on the younger ones. Articles reviewed were retrieved from Sciencedirect, Google scholar, Medline and PubMed on tobacco use.
Results: The study revealed that about 14.5 million adults and 252,000 children in Turkey use tobacco every day. It also revealed that more males smoke than females. The effects of smoking on the younger generation do not only include health problems from second hand smoking and others but also an avenue for children to initiate smoking early. The country has a tobacco control law since 1997.
Conclusion: The rate of smoking is high and its effects are numerous. There are good anti-tobacco laws in Turkey but much effort needs to be done in reducing the rate of smoking in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

tobacco, smoking, effects, children

Kaynakça

• 1. WHO, https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco 2018. Accessed on 5th January, 2019.
• 2. WHO, Tobacco Control in Turkey, 2009. http://ssuk.org.tr/eski_site_verileri/pdf/TobaccoControlinTurkey.pdf. Accessed on 5th January, 2019.
• 3. TURKSTAT, Turkey Health Interview Survey, 2016. http://ohsad.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/13160.pdf. Accessed on 5th January, 2019.
• 4. Mesude E. 14.5 million adults, 252,000 children smoke in Turkey: Data. https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/14-5-million-adults-252-000-children-smoke-in-turkey-data-142681. Accessed on 1st June, 2020.
• 5. WHO, Tobacco Control in Turkey; Story of commitment and leadership. 2012. Public Health Institution of Turkey. Global adult tobacco survey, Turkey 2012. Ankara; 2014.
• 6. Ayda Y , Önder Z, Elibol M, Erk N, Cabuk A, Fisunoglu M, Erk SF, and Frank J “The Economics of Tobacco and Tobacco Taxation In Turkey.” Paris: International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Chaloupka. 2010.
• 7. Daily Sabah. Turkey adopts plain packaging law in fight against smoking. https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2018/12/06/turkey-adopts-plain-packaging-law-in-fight-against-smoking. Accessed on 19th January, 2019.
• 8. WHO, http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/tobacco/publications/key-policy-documents/who-framework-convention-on-tobacco-control-who-fctc/key-areas-of-tobacco-control-policy/plain-packaging. Accessed on 15th January, 2019.
• 9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Let’s Make the Next Generation Tobacco-Free: Your Guide to the 50th Anniversary Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health (http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/consumer-guide.pdf) . [PDF–795 KB] Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014. Accessed on 21st January, 2019.
• 10. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. A Report of the Surgeon General: How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: What It Means to You. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2010. Accessed on 21st January, 2019.
• 11. Gilpin EA, Lee L, Evans N, Pierce JP. Smoking initiation rates in adults and minors: United States, 1944-1988. American Journal of Epidemiology 1994;140(6):535–543.
• 12. Bricker JB, Peterson AV Jr. Sarason IG, Andersen MR, Rajan KB. Changes in the influence of parents' and close friends' smoking on adolescent smoking transitions. Addict Behav 2007;32(4):740–757.
• 13. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Boden JM, Jenkin G. Childhood social disadvantage and smoking in adulthood: results of a 25-year longitudinal study. Addiction 2007;102(3):475–482.
• 14. Rossow I, Rise J. Concordance of parental and adolescent health behaviors. Soc Sci Med 1994;38 (9):1299–1305.
• 15. Vuolo M and Staff J. Parent and Child Cigarette Use: A Longitudinal, Multigenerational Study. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2013.
• 16. Bruin JE, Gerstein HC, Holloway AC. Long-term consequences of fetal and neonatal nicotine exposure: a critical review. Toxicol Sci. 2010;116:364–74.
• 17. Lisboa PC, de Oliveira E, de Moura EG. Obesity and endocrine dysfunction programmed by maternal smoking in pregnancy and lactation. Front Physiol. 2012;3:437.
• 18. Ko TJ, Tsai LY, Chu LC, Yeh SJ, Leung C, Chen CY, et al. Parental smoking during pregnancy and its association with low birth weight, small for gestational age, and preterm birth offpring: a birth cohort study. Pediatric Neonatol. 2014;55:20–7.
• 19. Oken E, Levitan EB, Gillman MW. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta analysis. Int J Obes. 2008;32:201–10.