DİZEL EKSOZ GAZINA MARUZ KALAN GİŞE MEMURLARINDA SERUM OKSİDAN VE ANTİOKSİDAN DÜZEYLERİ

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 31, 33 - 39, 01.02.2009

Peri Arbak

Öz

Dizel ekzos DE gazına maruziyetin oksidan üretimine bağlı ters etkilere yol açtığı ileri sürülmüştür. Bu kesitsel çalışmada DE maruziyetine bağlı oksidatif stres son ürünleri açısından mesleki toksinlere maruziyet nedeniyle yüksek risk altındaki gişe memurları ile aynı işletmedeki ofis çalışanları karşılaştırıldı. 38 gişe memuru çalışma grubunu oluşturdu. Tümü erkekti. Gişe memurları ve 29 kontrol yaş, sigara kullanımı ve iş süresi açısından benziyordu. Tüm bireylere fizik muayene, solunum semptomlarını, geçmiş tıbbi ve mesleki öyküyü içeren yüzyüze anket ve solunum fonksiyon testleri uygulandı. Serum malondialdehid MDA , nitrit ±nitrat ve vitamin E Vit E düzeyleri ölçüldü. Gişe memurlarında serum MDA düzeyleri 5.76 ± 2.15 μmol/L’ye 3.07 ± 0.76 μmol/L, p=0.0001 ve nitrit ±nitrat 96.5 ± 45.5 μmol/L’ye 19.32± 11.7 μmol/L, p=0.0001 düzeyleri kontrol bireylerden yüksek idi. Vitamin E düzeyleri gişe memurları ve kontrollerde benzer düzeyde idi 10.5 ± 3.4 mg/L ve 9.7 ± 2.4 mg/L, p=0.267 . Fizik muayene ve solunum semptomları açısından gruplar arasında farklılık yoktu. Solunum fonksiyon parametrelerinden yalnızca zirve ekspiratuar akım PEF gişe memurlarında kontrollerden anlamlı düzeyde düşüktü beklenenin %88.9’u %104.2 , p=0.012 . Özetle, serum MDA ve nitrit ±nitrat düzeylerinin DE maruziyetine bağlı oksidatif KALAN GİŞE MEMURLARINDA stresin biolojik belirteçleri olarak kullanılabileceğini öne sürdük ancak DE maruziyetine bağlı solunum hastalıkları ile MDA ve nitrit ±nitrat konsantrasyonları arasındaki olası bağlantının aydınlatılması için prospektif kontrollu klinik çalışmalara gereksinim olduğunu belirttik. Anahtar kelimeler: Meslek, MDA, nitrit ±nitrat, vitamin E, gişe memurları, dizel ekzos

Anahtar Kelimeler

Meslek, MDA, nitrit±nitrat, vitamin E, gişe memurları, dizel ekzos

Kaynakça

• 1. A Sydbom, A Blomberg, S Parnia, N Stenfors, T Sand ström and SE Dahlen: Health effects of diesel exhaust emissions. Eur Respir J 17, 733–746 (2001).
• 2. MJ Whitekus, N Li, M Zhang, M Wang, MA Horwitz, SK Nelson, LD Horwitz, N Brechun, DD Sanchez and AE Nel: Thiol Antioxidants Inhibit the Adjuvant Effects. of Aerosolized Diesel Exhaust Particles in a Murine Model for Ovalbumin Sensitization. J Immunol 168, 2560–2567 (2002)
• 3. PM Clarkson and HS Thompson: Antioxidants: what role do they play in physical activity and health? Am J Clin Nutr 72 (2 suppl), 6375–6465 (2000).
• 4. NM Siafakas and EG Tzortzaki: Few smokers velop COPD. Why? Respir Med 96, 615–624 (2002).
• 5. K-U Lee: Oxidative stress markers in Korean subjects with insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 54 (Suppl 2), S29–S33 (2002).
• 6. M Dib, C Garrel, A Favier, V Robin and C Desnuelle: Can malondialdehyde be used as a biological marker of progres sion in neurodegenerative disease? J Neurol 249, 367–374 (2002)
• 7. IF Benzie: Lipid peroxidation: a review of causes; conse quences, measurement and dietary influences. Int J Food Sci Nutr 47, 233–261 (1996).
• 8. BG Ferris: Epidemiology Standardization Project American Thoracic Society. Am Rev Respir Dis 118, 1–120 (1978).
• 9. PH Quanjer: Standardized lung function testing. European Community for Coal and Steel. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 19 (Suppl. 5), 45–51 (1983).
• 10. T Yoshioka, K Kawada, T Shimada and M Mori: Lipid per oxidation in maternal and cord blood and protective mech anism against activated-oxygen toxicity in theblood. Am J Obstet Gynecol 135, 372–376 (1979).
• 11. P Rajeswari, R Natarajan, JL Nadler, D Kumar and VK Kalra: Glucose induces lipid peroxidation and inactivation of membrane-associated ion-transport enzymes in human erythrocytes in vivo and in vitro. J Cell Physiol 149, 100–108 (1991).
• 12. LC Green, DA Wagner, J Glogowsky, PL Slipper, JS Wish nok and SR Tannenbaum: Analysis of nitrate, nitrite and [15N] nitrate in biological fluids. Anal Biochem 126, 131–138 (1982).
• 13. HHHW Schmidt, TD Warner, M Nakane, U Förstermann and F Murad: Regulation and subcellular location of nitro gen oxide synthases in RAW264.7 macrophages. Mol Phar macol 41, 615–624 (1992).
• 14. H Moshage, B Kok, JR Huizenga and LM Jansen: Nitrite and nitrate determinations in plasma: A critical evaluation. Clin Chem 41, 892–896 (1995).
• 15. Brewster MA. Vitamins. In: Amadeo J. Pesce, Lawrence A. Kaplan, eds. Methods in Clinical Chemistry, Washington D.C., Toronto: The C.V. Mosby Company, 1987: 586–587.
• 16. M-L Kuo, SH Jee, MH Chou and TH Ueng: Involvement of oxidative stress in motorcycle exhaust 288-2004 particleinduced DNA damage and inhibition of intercellular com munication. Mutation Research 413, 143–150 (1998).
• 17. H Esterbauer, RJ Schaur and H Zollner: Chemistry and bio chemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes. Free Radic Biol Med 11, 81–128 (1991).
• 18. E Aghdassi and JP Allard: Breath alkanes as a marker of oxidative stress in different clinical conditions. Free Radi cal Biology & Medicine 28, 880–886 (2000).
• 19. GM Thiele, S Worrall, DJ Tuma, LW Klassen, TA Wyatt and N Naruhiko: The Chemistry and Biological Effects of Malondialdehyde- Acetaldehyde Adducts. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25, 218S–224S (2001).
• 20. B Ozbay and H Dulger: Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in Turkish population: relation to age, gender, exercise, and smoking. Tohoku J Exp Med, 197, 119–124 (2002).
• 21. C Vassalle, V Lubrano, A L’Abbate and A Cleri co:Determination of nitrite plus nitrate and malondialde hyde in human plasma: analytical performance and the effect of smoking and exercise. Clin Chem Lab Med 40, 802–809 (2002).
• 22. S Salvi, A Blomberg, B Rudell, F Kelly, T Sandstrom, ST Holgate and A Frew: Acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood after short-termexposure to diesel exhaust in healthy human volunteers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159, 702–709 (1999).
• 23. S Moncada, RMJ Palmer and EA Higgs: Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology and pharmocology. Pharmacol Rev 43, 109–142 (1991).
• 24. AK Nussler and TR Billiar: Inflamattion, immunoregulation and inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Leukoc Bipl 54, 171–178 (1993).
• 25. JP Cooke and PS Tsao: Cytoprotective effects of nitric oxide. Circulation 88, 2451–2454 (1993).
• 26. G Folkerts, J Kloek, RBR Muijsers and FP Nijkamp: Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in airway inflammation. Euro J Pharmacol 429, 251–262 (2001).
• 27. PT Scheepers and RP Bos: Combustion of diesel fuel from a toxicological perspective. I. Origin of incomplete combustion products. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 64, 149–161 (1992).
• 28. C Ahren, L Jungersten and T Sandberg: Plasma nitrate as an index of NO formation in patients with acute infectious diseases. Scand J Infect Dis 31, 405–407 (1999).
• 29. M Tsuchiya, A Asada, E Kasahara, EF Sato, M Shindo and M Inoue: Smoking a single cigarette rapidly reduces combined concentrations of nitrate and nitrite and con centrations of antioxidants in plasma. Circulation. 105, 1155–1157 (2002).
• 30. AC Olin, A Aldenbratt, A Ekman, G Ljungkvist, L Jungersten, K Alving and K Toren: Increased nitric oxide in exhaled air after intake of a nitrate-rich meal. Respir Med 95, 153–158 (2001).
• 31. NE Gilies: Radiation damage to cell membranes; insights from the oxygen effect. Int J Radiat Biol 71, 643–648 (1977).
• 32. AT Diplock: Antioxidants and disease prevention Mole Aspects Med 15, 293–376 (1994).
• 33. JM Sacheck and JB Blumberg: Role of Vitamin E and Oxidative Stress in Exercise. Nutrition 17, 809–814 (2001)
• 34. P Tosukhowong, S Sangwatanaroj, S Jatuporn, P Prapun wattana, A Saengsiri, S Rattanapruks, S Srimahachota, W Udayachalerm and P Tangkijvanich: The correlation between markers of oxidative stress and risk factors of coronary artery disease in Thai patients. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 29, 321–329 (2003).
• 35. M Kasapoglu and T Ozben: Alterations of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress markers in aging. Exp Gerontol 36, 209–220 (2001).
• 36. JD Robertson, RJ Maughan, GG Duthie and PC Morrice: Increased blood antioxidant systems of runners in response to training load. Clin Sci 80, 611–618 (1991).
• 37. A Sierksma, MS van der Gaag, DE Grobbee and HF Hen driks: Acute and chronic effects of dinner with alcoholic beverages on nitric oxide metabolites in healthy men. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 30, 504–506 (2003).